Pathology Flashcards
A rare, chronic endocrine system disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones causing fatigue, lightheadedness upon standing, muscle weakness and pain, fever, weight loss, anxiety, nausea, diarrhea, and changes in personality.
Addison’s disease
Addison’s disease may progress to __________, a severe illness which may include very low blood pressure.
Addisonian crisis
A general term that often makes up the name of certain disorders meaning “inflammation of a gland,”
Adenitis
inflammation of Bartholin’s gland or the greater vestibular gland
Bartholin adenitis
A type of neuropathic pain in which stimuli that are not usually experienced as painful cause pain.
Allodynia
A progressive, degenerative disorder of the brain involving the death of neural tissue that leads to loss of memory, deterioration of thinking and language skills, and pronounced behavioral changes.
Alzheimer’s disease
A neurodegenerative disease of the motor neurons of the brain to the spinal cord (upper motor neurons) and the spinal cord to the peripheral nerves (lower motor neurons) that control muscle movement. The disease progresses rapidly, leading to loss of the ability to move muscles in the body. It is usually fatal within 3–5 years
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease)
The condition of having a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin diminishing the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen. Symptoms include fatigue, paleness, palpitations and shortness of breath. Causes are idiopathic, nutritional (iron deficiency, folic acid or B12 deficiency), pernicious (intrinsic factor deficiency or Crohn’s disease), and others.
Anemia
A term that means “chest pain” and refers to symptoms that occur when the heart muscle does not receive adequate oxygen. Angina pectoris indicates an underlying condition that places a person at risk for heart attack.
Angina pectoris
The rapid onset of localized swelling. While it is usually caused by an allergy, it can also be idiopathic. Swelling typically occurs around the mouth, tongue, and throat, as well as the hands and eyelids. When it causes swelling to the tongue, larynx, or pharynx, it can obstruct airflow and be life-threatening.
Angioedema
A benign tumor derived from cells of the vascular or lymphatic vessel walls (endothelium) or from cells of the tissue surrounding these vessels.
Angioma
A condition where blood circulates to the organs and tissues of the body, but contains a below-normal amount of oxygen.
Anoxemia
A condition characterized by an absence of oxygen supply to an organ or a tissue
Anoxia
which is a limited supply of oxygen to an organ or tissue.
hypoxia
A condition where excessive pressure builds up inside the anterior compartment composed of the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius causing pain, paresthesia, and swelling to the tissue and possibly severe tissue damage, loss of body function, or death.
Anterior compartment syndrome
anticholinergic medications
reduce the tremors associated with Parkinson’s disease,
dopaminergic medications
improve motor function through dopamine concentration and neurotransmission in the brain
Anti-Parkinson medications
Medications that include anticholinergic medications that reduce the tremors associated with Parkinson’s disease, and dopaminergic medications that improve motor function through dopamine concentration and neurotransmission in the brain
Side effects of Anti-Parkinson medications
agitation, confusion, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, heart palpitations, hypotension, insomnia, nausea, and restlessness.
Medications that include antibacterial, antiviral, antitubercular, and antifungal medications that eliminate microorganisms or disrupt microorganism life cycles to prevent or treat infections. Side effects include nausea
Anti-infective medications
Medications that increase the supply of oxygen to the heart
Antianginal medications
Antianginal medications side effects
dizziness, fatigue, flushing, headache, hypotension, and weakness.
Medications (also called sedatives) that reduce anxiety or induce sleep in conditions like insomnia
Antianxiety medications
___________ sedatives depress the central nervous system and cause dependence and so are used for short periods of time only when a condition is severe
Barbiturate
Antianxiety medications Side effects
diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, drowsiness, fatigue, gastric irritation, headache, hypotension, muscle weakness, nausea, palpitations, vertigo, and vomiting.
Medications that normalize irregular heart rhythm
Antiarrhythmic medications
Antiarrhythmic medications side effects
anxiety, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, fatigue, headache, hypotension, insomnia, peripheral neuropathy, tremor, and weaknes
Massage precautions for Antiarrhythmic medications
Avoid stimulating techniques like tapotement or rhythmic compressions
Side effects of Anticonvulsant medications
Side effects include constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, fatigue, hair loss, headache, hypotension, indigestion, irritability, restlessness, sweating, and tremor.
Medications that reduce depression or the symptoms of affective disorders (disturbances in mood) and used to treat phobias, neurodermatitis
Antidepressant medications
Side effects Antidepressant medications
Side effects include anorexia, blurred vision, constipation, decreased sex drive, dizziness, dry mouth, drowsiness, edema, hair loss, hypertension, insomnia, lethargy, joint pain, muscle weakness, nausea, photosensitivity, rash, sudden blood pressure drop, and vomiting.
Insulin and other medications designed to either lower or raise glucose levels depending on the type of diabetes.
Antidiabetic medications
Antidiabetic medications side effects
bruising or scar tissue formation at the injection site, diarrhea, fatigue, flatulence, flushing, funny taste in mouth, heartburn, headache, hypoglycemia, nausea, photosensitivity, and vomiting.
Medications that decrease the peristaltic movement of the intestines and soothe the intestinal mucosa. Side effects include constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting.
Antidiarrheal medications
Antigen
A harmful substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.
Medications that block histamine to combat allergic reactions. Side effects include constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, hypertension, hypotension, increased heart rate, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, nausea, and vomiting.
Antihistamine medications
Medications that reduce blood pressure and are used to treat hypertension (may include vasodilators and diuretics). Side effects include depression, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, hypotension, numbness and tingling in the periphery, and weight gain.
Antihypertensive medications
Medications that lower cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid levels to treat atherosclerosis and to lower the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Side effects include constipation, fatigue, flatulence, headache, and nausea.
Antilipemic medications
Medications that reduce or control symptoms like delusions and hallucinations in conditions like schizophrenia or extreme agitation. Side effects, if they occur, are usually adverse and require medical intervention.
Antipsychotic medications
Antipsychotic medications
Medications that reduce or control symptoms like delusions and hallucinations in conditions like schizophrenia or extreme agitation. Side effects, if they occur, are usually adverse and require medical intervention.
Medications that suppress coughing. Side effects include constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, and nasal congestion.
Antitussive medications
Medications that eliminate Helicobacter pylori, a bacterial infection that causes peptic ulcers, or medications that balance acid and pepsin secretions and soothe mucosal membranes in the lower esophagus, stomach, and/or small intestine. Side effects include constipatio
Antiulcer medications
A side effect of many medications that includes sensations of apprehension, uneasiness of mind, or fear that is characterized by physiological signs such as sweating and increased heart rate and breathing patterns. Massage is indicated for this side effect.
Anxiety (side effect)
A broad term for a group of mental health conditions characterized by exaggerated, irrational fears and attempts to control them. Related conditions include general anxiety disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and phobias.
Anxiety disorders
A congenital disorder where blood vessels form abnormal connections between arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system: usually occurs in the central nervous system
Arteriovenous malformation
Commonly called hardening of the arteries. A condition in which fatty substances form a deposit of plaque on the inner lining of arterial walls, causing the walls to become less elastic (commonly called hardening of the arteries). Over time, atherosclerosis contributes to many heart diseases.
Atherosclerosis
A common type of dermatitis characterized by red, flaky, and dry patches occurring in creases (e.g., sides of the nose, knees, elbows, ankles, and hands).
Atopic dermatitis
A congenital heart defect in which the interatrial septum (the dividing wall between the atria) is defective or absent, allowing blood to flow directly between the atria of the heart. This causes lower-than-normal oxygen levels in the arterial blood that supplies the brain, organs, and tissue.
Atrial septal defect
general term for a group of complex developmental cognitive disorders, including Asperger’s syndrome, Rett syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder.
Autism spectrum disorders
group of diseases resulting from a disordered immune reaction in which antibodies are produced against, and cause damage to, one’s own tissues. Common autoimmune diseases include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Autoimmune diseases
A form of damage where something has been ripped off (e.g., skin, an ear, a finger, etc.).
Avulsion
is the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
Endometriosis
———is a group of signs and symptoms that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (last 2 weeks) and are relieved by its onset.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
A hormone released by the pituitary gland that controls the length and sequence of the female menstrual cycle, including ovulation and preparation of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. It stimulates ovarian production of both estrogen and progesterone. In males, it stimulates the testes to produce androgen
Lutinuezing hornmone
The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates contraction of smooth muscles of the pregnant uterus and mammary glands; it is key in stimulating labor, milk production, and mother/infant bonding.
Oxytocin
A sex hormone that causes the proliferation and vascularization of the epithelial lining of the uterus and acts with estrogen to initiate the menstrual cycle.
progesterone
What is anemia?
Anemia is reduced RBC count or reduced capacity of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to body cells.
