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Hematology > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

List general features of anemia

A

pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, tissue hypoxia, BM hyperplasia

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2
Q

list causes of anemia

A

acute/chronic blood loss, hemolysis, decreased production, malnutrition

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3
Q

what does anemia secondary to acute blood loss present with

A

BM hyperplasia, reticulocytosis, dec Hct, thrombocytosis

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4
Q

what does anemia secondary to chronic blood loss present with

A

iron def anemia

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5
Q

what are the general features of hemolytic anemia

A

normal MCV, reticulocytosis, BM hyperplasia (elevated erythropoietin), bilirubin (jaundice), hemosiderosis, splenomegaly

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6
Q

Talk about types of hemolysis

A

Extravascular: splenomegaly, jaundice of unconjugated bilirubin, and anemia
Intravascular: anemia, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice of unconjugated bilirubin

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7
Q

intrinsic defect in which proteins in RBCs causes herediatry spherocytosis

A

spectrin, ankyrin, band 3, protein 4.2

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8
Q

if patient with hereditary spherocytosis doesn’t recall having a splenectomy, how do you test for it

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

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9
Q

who is more at risk to have G6PD def and why

A

males because it’s X linked

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10
Q

what triggers G6PD

A

infection
fava beans
drugs

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11
Q

what is characteristic of G6PD

A

heinz bodies and bite cells

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12
Q

where does sickle cell anemia get its name from

A

sickle celled shapes due to HbS (missense mutation in beta globin)

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13
Q

a mother approaches your clinic with her 3 month old assuring you he has sickle cell anemia. what do you do?

A

can’t be sure because symptoms dont start up until 6 months until HbF is completely gone from the body because its presence prevents HbS polymerization

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14
Q

characteristics of sickle cell anemia

A

reticulocytosis
target cells
sickled cells
crewcut skull on Xray
BM hyperplasia
hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice)
Gamna Ghandy
autosplenectomy = howell-jolly bodies

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15
Q

morphologic characteristics of megaloblastic anemia

A

megaloblasts
anisocytosis
poikilocytosis
low reticulocyte count
hyperchromic cells
neutrophil hypersegmentation

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16
Q

causes of b12 def

A

decreased intake
increased requirement
pernicious anemia

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17
Q

patient A with megaloblastic anemia and neurological symptoms
patient B with megaloblastic anemia
diagnosis?

A

patient A: vit b12 def
patient B: vit b9 def

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18
Q

causes of folate def

A

decreased intake
increased requirement
impaired absorption
increased loss
folic acid antagonists

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19
Q

causes of iron def anemia

A

decreased intake
decreased absorption
increased demand
increased use
chronic hemorrhage

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20
Q

morphological characteristics of iron def anemia

A

microcytic
hypochromic
pencil cells

21
Q

where do we see pica

A

iron def anemia

22
Q

if microcytic hypochromic anemia is associated with esophageal webs and atrophic glossitis, what is the name of syndrome?

A

Plummer Vinson

23
Q

where can we see anemia secondary to chronic disease

A

chronic microbial infections
chronic immune disorders
neoplasms

24
Q

if patient has autoimmune with pancytopenia, he has…

A

aplastic anemia

25
Q

causes of thrombosis

A

endothelial injury
stasis or turbulent blood flow
hypercoagubility

26
Q

difference between antemortem and postmortem thrombosis

A

antemortem: lines of Zahn
postmortem: gelatinous with red portion and chicken fat portion

27
Q

types of venous thrombosis/red thrombi

A

superficial: local congestion
deep: leg veins = embolizes to lungs

28
Q

describe arterial thrombi/white thrombi

A

friable meshwork of platelets on top of ruptured atherosclerotic plaque

29
Q

Fate of thrombus

A

propagation
embolization
dissolution
organization and recanalization

30
Q

explain DIC

A

complication characterized by widespread thrombosis depleting coag factors and platelets = bleeding catastrophe

31
Q

types of embolism

A

pulmonary
systemic
air
amniotic fluid
fat
tumor
parasitic

32
Q

define hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure: push water out of capillaries
colloid osmotic pressure: keep water in capillaries

33
Q

define edema and effusion

A

edema: fluid buildup in tissues
effusion: fluid buildup in cavities

34
Q

define transudate and exudate

A

exudate: inflammatory protein rich
transudate: non inflammatory, protein poor

35
Q

causes of edema

A

inc hydrostatic pressure (DVT, CHF)
dec osmotic pressure (hepatic disease, malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome)
sodium and water retention (nephrotic syndrome, CHF)
lymphatic obstruction (elephantiasis)

36
Q

patient presents with pitting edema, DD?

A

CHF

37
Q

patient presents with periorbital edema, DD?

A

renal dysfunction

38
Q

arteriolar dilation, inc blood flow, erythema

A

hyperemia

39
Q

reduced venous outflow, cyanosis

A

congestion

40
Q

define ischemia

A

inadequate blood supply to tissues

41
Q

define infarction

A

area of ischemic necrosis

42
Q

what are the organs where an infarction is less likely to happen

A

lung
liver
hand and forearm
due to dual supply

43
Q

if cell doesn’t have regenerative capacity and an infarction took place what do we expect to see

A

fibrous scar

44
Q

what is the diff between arterial and venous obstruction with respect to infarctions

A

arterial causes infarctions
venous causes congestion

45
Q

diff between red and white infarct with respect to location

A

red infarct: testicles, lungs, small intestine, liver
white infarct: kidney, spleen, heart

46
Q

what type of necrosis is associated with infarctions

A

coagulative necrosis except for brain = liquefactive necrosis

47
Q

what past medical history is suggestive of gangrene

A

diabetes
atherosclerosis
peripheral artery disease
smoker
trauma

48
Q

types of gangrene

A

wet
dry
internal
gas
fournier’s

Hematology (4 decks)

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