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Transition 1 Y3 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in cell number but the cells are not atypical (low n;c ration).

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2
Q

What is an example of hyperplasia?

A

G cell hyperplasia occurs with PPIs as the negative feedback loop is turned off stimulating gastrin release.

The G cells are the pale white fried egg cells lining the gastric crypts

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3
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

An increase in cell size, can occur in cardiac or skeletal muscle.

An example is right ventricular hypertrophy.

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4
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Dysplasia refers to the abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs.

It can lead to various conditions that involve enlarged tissue, such as hip dysplasia. It can also lead to the formation of precancerous cells.

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5
Q

Is dysplasia benign or malignant?

A

Benign

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6
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

A reversible change from one mature cell type to another mature cell type in response to a stimulus.

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7
Q

What is an example of metaplasia?

A

Barrett’s oesophagus which is metaplastic replacement of the normal squamous epithelium of the lower oesophagus by columnar epithelium in response to increased gastric acid.

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8
Q

What is a large risk factor for endometrial cancer?

A

A lifetime exposure to oestrogen. The greatest source of which comes from adipose tissue.

Adipose tissue is in higher quantity in obese and overweight patients.

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9
Q

Why does high BMI contribute to development of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer?

A

In obese women, the reduction in SHBG (sex-hormone binding globulin) protein leads to an increase in the concentration of free oestrogens, contributing to the development of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.

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10
Q

What is lynch syndrome?

A

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is also known as Lynch syndrome.

It is an autosomal dominant condition that results from mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes.

Patients are at a higher risk of a number of cancers including endometrial, colorectal and bladder cancers etc

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11
Q

What leiomyomas?

A

Leiomyomas (aka fibroids) are benign neoplasms of smooth muscle. As a connective tissue tumour they consist of spindle cells.

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12
Q

Where can fibroids usually occur?

A

Apart from submucosa, other areas include intramural, subserosal and pedunculated.

Malignancy is extremely rare.

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13
Q

When do fibroids usually arise?

A

Leiomyomas are extremely common and are oestrogen dependant meaning they ten to arise between menarche and menopause.

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14
Q

Can fibroids cause infertility?

A

They can arise submucosally and project into the lumen and can cause bleeding and occasionally act as IUD with infertility.

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15
Q

What cell type is associated with a reaction to non-organic foreign material?

A

Macrophages are the cell type most associated with a reaction to foreign non-organic material

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16
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes?

A

Responsible for antibody production, direct cell-mediated killing of virus-infected and tumor cells, and regulation of the immune response.

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

NK (natural killer) cells

T lymphocytes

B lymphocytes

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18
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

Involved in host defense against parasites and promoting allergic reactions

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19
Q

What is the role of mast cells?

A

Mast cells are central to allergic reactions. They are sensitized to specific allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, or certain foods.

Upon exposure to an allergen, mast cells release large amounts of histamine and other chemical mediators such as cytokines an leukotrienes, leading to allergic symptoms such as itching, swelling, redness, and constriction of airways.

20
Q

Origin of histamine?

A

Histamine is a natural substance produced by mast cells, basophils, and certain other cells in the body.

21
Q

Function of histamine?

A

Histamine acts as a chemical messenger involved in various physiological processes, including inflammation, allergic reactions, and neurotransmission.

22
Q

Inflammatory response of histamine?

A

Histamine increases blood vessel permeability, allowing immune cells to move more easily to sites of injury or infection.

It also triggers symptoms of allergies, such as itching, swelling, and congestion.

23
Q

How does histamine function as a neurotransmitter?

A

In the brain, histamine acts as a neurotransmitter, playing a role in regulating wakefulness, appetite, and cognitive functions.

24
Q

Origin of leukotrienes?

A

Leukotrienes are lipid mediators produced by various cells, including leukocytes (white blood cells) and mast cells, in response to inflammatory stimuli.

25
Q

Function of leukotrienes?

A

Leukotrienes play a role in inflammation, particularly in the recruitment of immune cells to sites of injury or infection and in the contraction of smooth muscle in the airways.

26
Q

Inflammatory response of leukotriene?

A

Leukotrienes contribute to the symptoms of inflammation, such as swelling, bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), and mucus production.

27
Q

What do leukotrienes do in asthma?

A

Leukotrienes are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma, contributing to airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus secretion.

28
Q

What are the different types of molar pregnancy?

A

Complete molar pregnancy (from one sperm)

Partial molar pregnancy

Invasive molar

29
Q

What is a complete molar pregnancy?

A

An abnormal fertilization of an egg without maternal DNA or with an inactivated egg.

This results in the growth of abnormal trophoblastic tissue, forming a grape-like mass within the uterus.

30
Q

Clinical features of complete molar pregnancy?

A

Vaginal bleeding, uterine enlargement disproportionate to gestational age, and elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

31
Q

Histological feature of complete molar pregnancy?

A

Characterised by hydropic (fluid-filled) villi with absence of foetal tissue.

32
Q

What is a partial molar pregnancy?

A

Normal fertilisation of an egg by two sperm or an abnormal fertilisation of an egg with two sets of paternal chromosomes and one set of maternal chromosomes.

33
Q

Clinical features of partial molar pregnancy?

A

Similar symptoms as complete molar but may have less pronounced symptoms and a lower risk of complications.

34
Q

Histological feature of partial molar pregnancy?

A

Shows a mixture of normal and hydropic villi with some foetal tissue present.

35
Q

What is an invasive molar pregnancy?

A

A rare form of gestational trophoblastic disease characterised by infiltration of molar tissue into the uterine wall and sometimes beyond.

36
Q

Clinical features of invasive molar pregnancy?

A

Invasive mole presents with symptoms similar to complete molar pregnancy but may be associated with persistent or recurrent vaginal bleeding and elevated hCG levels.

37
Q

Histological feature of invasive molar pregnancy?

A

Invasive mole shows infiltration of molar tissue into the myometrium (uterine muscle) and surrounding tissues.

38
Q

Histological feature of adenocarcinoma?

A

Contains cells that look like signet rings because they contain so much mucin.

39
Q

Histological feature of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Contains very dense pink represents areas of keratinisation

40
Q

Histological feature of low grade lymphoma?

A

Very monotonous quite small cells with little cytoplasm. They look like lymphocytes and that is because this is a low grade B cell lymphoma.

41
Q

Histological feature of melanoma?

A

Malignancy that produces brown material on histology. The brown material is melanin.

42
Q

What is hypoplasia and an example?

A

Fewer cells than what is deemed a normal amount (usually benign) e.g. post-pubertal female breast underdevelopment (micromastia)

43
Q

What is hyperplasia and an example?

A

Increased cell number. Under control of normal proliferation mechanisms. Usually due to an external stimulus e.g. callus formation on skin exposed to trauma/pressure.

44
Q

What is neoplasia and an example?

A

Similar to hyperplasia however there is an absence of regulatory proliferation mechanisms and there is an absence of any stimuli.

45
Q

What is dysplasia and an example?

A

A change in the normal shape, size and organisation usually due to chronic irritation e.g. cigarette smoke or inflammation. Reversible if trigger is removed otherwise may progress to metaplasia.

46
Q

What is metaplasia and an example?

A

A change in the cell type I.e. Barrett’s oesophagus. Can be reversed if trigger is removed, if not it may become a anaplastic.

47
Q

What is anaplasia and an example?

A

Loss of functional and structural differentiation in normal cells. These are not reversible.

Characteristic of cancerous tumours.

Transition 1 Y3 (7 decks)

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