Anatomy Flashcards
What are the main nerves of the upper limb and their roots?
Median Nerve:
Roots: C6, C7, C8, T1
Ulnar Nerve:
Roots: C7, C8, T1
Radial Nerve:
Roots: C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
Axillary Nerve:
Roots: C5, C6
Musculocutaneous Nerve:
Roots: C5, C6, C7
What are the main nerves of the lower limb and their roots?
Femoral Nerve:
Roots: L2, L3, L4
Sciatic Nerve:
Roots: L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
Common Peroneal Nerve (Common Fibular Nerve):
Roots: L4, L5, S1, S2
Tibial Nerve:
Roots: L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs of cranial nerves
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs of spinal nerves
What anatomy is present in the leg (knee to ankle) and ankle region?
Tibia
Fibula
Muscular compartments
Fascial layers
Ligaments
Vasculature (superficial and deep)
Nerves
What can be checked to assess if there is arterial supply disruption in the lower limb?
Check:
Peripheral pulses (dorsalis pedis and popliteal pulse)
Capillary refill
What is the nucleus pulposus?
The soft, gelatinous central portion of the intervertebral disk that moves within the disk with changes in posture.
What is the annulus fibrosis?
The AF is a highly fibrous and well-organized tissue surrounding the outer region of the IVD (intervertebral disc).
What is the purpose of the straight leg raise test?
commonly used to identify disc pathology or nerve root irritation, as it mechanically stresses lumbosacral nerve roots. It also has specific importance in detecting disc herniation and neural compression.
Places tensile stresses on the sciatic nerve and of traction at the lumbosacral nerve roots primarily from L4 to S2.
What are the main cells of the CNS?
Neurons
Glial cells
- Astrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependymal cells
- Oligodendrocytes
What is the function of neurones?
The “Communicators”. They receive information, chiefly via synapses, integrate the information, and then transmit electrical impulses to another neuron or effector cell.
Most are multipolar with many dendrites and one axon.
What is the function of astrocytes?
Astrocytes. Many numerous processes (often star-shaped).
Roles in support, maintaining the blood-brain barrier, environmental homeostasis. NO CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN THE CNS!
What cell type produces myelin in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
What cell type produces myelin in the PNS?
Schwann cells
Function of microglia?
Cells of similar lineage to macrophages (i.e. hemopoietic origin). Immune monitoring and antigen presentation.
Function of ependymal cells?
Ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that lines the ventricles.
What 2 components make up the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen - another structure located within the basal ganglia, alongside the globus pallidus. Its function is also closely related to the regulation and coordination of movement.
Globus pallidus - a structure located deep within the brain, specifically part of the basal ganglia. Its function is primarily involved in the regulation and coordination of movement.
Location of cingulate sulcus and gyrus?
The cingulate sulcus is a sulcus (brain fold) on the cingulate cortex in the medial wall of the cerebral cortex.
The frontal and parietal lobes are separated from the cingulate gyrus by the cingulate sulcus.
What is the ventricular system of the brain?
The ventricular system of the brain is a network of fluid-filled cavities that play essential roles in supporting and protecting the brain.
What are the lateral ventricles of the brain?
Located in each cerebral hemisphere.
Communicate with the third ventricle via the interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro).
Consist of anterior, posterior, and inferior horns.
What is the third ventricle of the brain?
Located in the midline of the brain, between the two thalami.
Communicates with the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius).
What is the fourth ventricle?
Located in the hindbrain, dorsal to the pons and upper medulla oblongata, and ventral to the cerebellum.
Communicates with the central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space via the lateral and median apertures (foramina of Luschka and Magendie).
What are the functions of the ventricular system of the brain?
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Production: The ventricular system produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid, which provides buoyancy and protection for the brain and spinal cord, removes metabolic waste products, and delivers nutrients.
Mechanical Support: The CSF within the ventricular system helps to cushion the brain against mechanical forces and shock, protecting it from injury.
Regulation of Intracranial Pressure: The ventricular system helps regulate the pressure within the skull by accommodating changes in CSF volume and facilitating its drainage when necessary.
