Pathology

Question 1

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Answer 1

Infarction- blood flow to heart tissue is obstructed, causing tissue cells death due to a lack of oxygen, in this case, a lack of blood, which is oxygenated. Can be caused by plaque build up in the artery walls.

Question 2

Peripheral vascular disease

Answer 2

Blood circulation disorder. Blood vessels, arteries, outside the heart and brain narrow due to blockage via plaques causing reduced blood flow.

Question 3

Congestive heart failure

Answer 3

Progressive heart disease that affects pumping action of heart muscles (weakened cardiac muscle) causing rapid heat rate, fluid in the lungs, thickening heart wall, and swelling of lower limbs.

Question 4

Mitral valve prolapse

Answer 4

The flaps or leaflets of the valve bulge backwards, causing mitral regurgitation, a backflow of blood into the left atrium.

Question 5

Coronary artery disease

Answer 5

Plaques accumulate in coronary arteries, compromising the flow of oxygen-rich blood to heart tissue.

Question 6

Aortic stenosis

Answer 6

Calcification of the aortic valve leaflets causing obstructed blood flow.

Question 7

Aortic aneurysm

Answer 7

A weakening of the aortic vessel, artery, wall creating a bulge, as the built weakens further it ruptures causing internal bleeding.

Question 8

Atherosclerosis

Answer 8

The build-up of plaques, low-density lipoproteins LDL, is produced by the liver, which can accumulate on the walls of arteries, leading to blood flow obstruction.

Question 9

Ischemic stroke

Answer 9

Occurs when a blood clot blocks the blood flow to pay off the brain, depriving it off oxygen and nutrients. This causes brain cells to die and neurological damage.

Question 10

Hemmorhagic stroke

Answer 10

Type of stroke that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures or leaks causing bleeding in the brain tissue.

Question 11

Arteriovenous malformation

Answer 11

Blood vessels in the brain are abnormally connected in a tangle, disrupting normal blood flow to the brain.

Question 12

Pulmonary embolism

Answer 12

A complication of deep vein thrombosis, a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein (usually in the leg), when the blood clot breaks free, travels upward and gets lodged in a pulmonary artery, it cuts off blood supply to part of the lung damaging tissue.