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Pathology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is pathology

A

the science of the causes and effects of diseases

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2
Q

What is pathogenesis

A

Development of disease within the body

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3
Q

What is aetiology

A

the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.

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4
Q

What are lesions

A

Structural changes caused by disease

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5
Q

Who uses different techniques to investigate disease?

A

Pathologists

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6
Q

What is the sequelae?

A

Consequences of disease

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7
Q

What is pathophysiology

A

the disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury.

(the study of abnormal changes in body functions that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes.);

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8
Q

Examples of aetiology

A

Infectious
Physical
Chemical
Nutritional
Genetic

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9
Q

Difference between anatomic pathology and clinical pathology

A

Anatomic pathology is concerned with the examination of tissues and organs to diagnose diseases, while clinical pathology is focused on laboratory analysis of body fluids and tissues to diagnose and monitor diseases.

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10
Q

What is Porcine cytomegalovirus
and what happens when pig is infected

A

Herpes virus
- causes lesions (rhinitis)
- causes red discolouration of the nasal mucosa
- because virus is infecting epithelial cells in nasal cavity and causing lysis of these cells and stimulating an acute inflammatory response

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11
Q

How would you confirm Porcine cytomegalovirus clinically

A
  • To confirm most viral infections, you look for inclusion bodies and would confirm with a PCR test
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12
Q

What are inclusion bodies and why do viruses produce them

A

Viral inclusion bodies (VIB) are made of proteins that come from the virus. They are used as a place for the virus to make copies of itself. Without inclusion bodies, viruses would not have a safe place to replicate.

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13
Q

What is Rhinitis

A

Rhinitis = nasal inflammation

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14
Q

What is Actinomyces bovis and what happens when a cow is infected

A

Actinomyces bovis is a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that affects the the bone (lower jaw bone/mandible) in cattle.
- infection causes osteomyelitis
- cows gums (gingiva) that are overlying infection in mandible are discoloured

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15
Q

How would you confirm Actinomyces bovis clinically

A

Take a tissue section, look for bacterial colonies and inflammatory cells congregating around the colonies

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16
Q

What is Dictyocaulus viviparus and what do you see when you do an autopsy on a calf that was infected

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus is a parasitic nematode (roundworm)
- causes a respiratory disease known as bovine lungworm disease (or husk)
- can see lungworm larvae in trachea
- see darker areas of lungs as they have collapsed and become inflamed as the airways supplying them with air have become blocked with parasites, mucus and inflammatory cells.

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17
Q

What is intestinal rupture and what happens when intestine is punctured

A

Intestine may be ruptured by barbed wire (which was ingested)
- only needs to be a very small puncture
- intestinal content leakage into abdominal cavity causes peritonitis

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18
Q

What is peritonitis

A

Peritonitis occurs when the peritoneum, a thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs, becomes inflamed.

(Inflammation of peritoneum)

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19
Q

What would you see post mortem of an intestinal rupture

A

You would see fibrin (yellow material)

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20
Q

What is Fibrin

A
  • fibrin is a protein that forms in acute inflammatory reaction and gums tissue together
  • fibrin is one of the blood clotting proteins involved in normal blood coagulation
    -fibrin precipitates out from fibrinogen during inflammation response
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21
Q

What is yew poisoning and what happens to cattle when poisoned

A

Yew tree has leaves and berry’s which are toxic, they contain several toxic compounds called taxines.
Taxines affect the nervous system, leading to several symptoms, including muscle tremors, difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, and eventually, death.

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22
Q

What disease can animals with Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency develop

A

They can develop White Muscle Disease
As Vitamin E and selenium are antioxidants they protect against oxidative/free radical damage

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23
Q

What is White Muscle Disease characterised by

A

WMD is characterised by muscle degeneration and necrosis, resulting in weakness, stiffness, and difficulty moving.

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24
Q

What do you see on the muscle of an animal that has Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency

A

pale or white streaks or patches on the affected muscles.

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25
Q

What causes White Muscle Disease

A

WMD is caused by Vitamin E/selenium deficiency which causes the accumulation of free radicals in the muscle cells, leading to oxidative damage and inflammation.

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26
Q

What happens to animal with White muscle disease
(Physically)

A

Becomes recumbent - not able to rise

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27
Q

What is Myofibrillar hypoplasia

A

Myofibrillar hypoplasia is a congenital (present at birth) condition (genetic disease) that affects the development and function of skeletal muscles in animals, including cattle, pigs, and horses.

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28
Q

How is Myofibrillar hypoplasia characterised

A

This condition is characterized by the incomplete development of myofibrils, which are the structural components of muscle fibers responsible for contraction and movement.

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29
Q

What happens to animals with myofibrillar hypoplasia

A

Animals with myofibrillar hypoplasia typically exhibit weakness and decreased muscle mass, which can result in difficulty standing, walking, and performing other normal activities. Affected animals may also have abnormal gait or posture

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30
Q

What does acute refer to

A

refers to a condition or disease that develops rapidly and has a short duration.

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31
Q

What are the outcomes of an acute condition

A
  • causes death
  • resolves due to host defence or clinical therapy
  • becomes a chronic disease
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32
Q

What does chronic refer to

A

refers to a condition or disease that is long-lasting or persists over a prolonged period of time.

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33
Q

What are the outcomes of a chronic condition

A
  • tissue is progressively destroyed compromising its function / endangering life
  • it’s course is halted and the tissue repairs by scarring
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34
Q

Do lesions occur in dead animals

A

No

After an animal dies, the body undergoes a series of post-mortem changes, including autolysis, putrefaction, and decomposition. These changes can cause the body tissues to break down and can obscure or alter the appearance of pre-existing lesions.

35
Q

Why is pathology important in veterinary medicine

A
  • for diagnosis
  • for prognosis and treatment
  • for control and prevention
36
Q

What is haematology

A

Hematology is the study of blood and blood-forming tissues. These tests can help diagnose and monitor a variety of conditions, including anemia, infection, and leukaemia.

37
Q

What is biochemistry

A

Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes and substances in living organisms. Biochemical tests are used to analyze blood and other body fluids for the presence of various substances, including enzymes, proteins, electrolytes, and hormones. These tests can help diagnose and monitor a wide range of conditions, including liver disease, kidney disease, and metabolic disorders.

38
Q

What is cytology

A

Cytology is the study of cells at the microscopic level. A sample of cells is collected through various methods, such as fine needle aspiration, swabbing, or scraping, and is then examined under a microscope to identify any abnormalities or changes in the cellular structure.

39
Q

What is histopathology

A

Histopathology is the study of tissues and organs at the microscopic level to identify and diagnose disease.

40
Q

What is histochemistry

A

Histochemistry is the study of the chemical composition and function of tissues and cells using various chemical and staining techniques. Histochemistry involves the use of specific dyes and stains to identify and locate various cellular components, such as proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and lipids.

41
Q

What is necroscopy

A

Necropsy, also known as autopsy or post-mortem examination, is a procedure performed on deceased animals to determine the cause of death and identify any underlying diseases or conditions.

42
Q

What are immunological methods In pathology

A

Immunological methods in pathology involve the use of various techniques to identify and measure antibodies and antigens in tissues, blood, or other bodily fluids.

43
Q

What is toxicology

A

Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on living organisms

Toxicology includes the study of the mechanisms of toxic action, the dose-response relationships, and the evaluation of the risks associated with exposure to toxic substances.

44
Q

What are the three type of changes that can be identified in a cadaver

A
  • lesions
  • agonal change
  • post portem change
45
Q

When you see lesions in a cadaver what would they be due to

A

Due to the disease

46
Q

When you see agonal change in a cadaver what would they be due to

A

Changes that take place immediately before death and are due to circulatory failure

47
Q

When you see post mortem changes in a cadaver what would they be due to

A

Changes that occur after death (before cadaver is examined)

48
Q

What are the major post mortem changes due to

A

Autolysis
Putrefaction

49
Q

What is autolysis

A

the destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes
(Typically due to leakage of these enzymes from cells after death)

50
Q

What is putrefaction

A

the decomposition of the tissue/body carried out by the microbial action.

51
Q

Types of post mortem changes (9)

A
  • Rigor mortis
  • Algor mortis
  • Post mortem clotting of blood
  • Hypostatic congestion ~ Livor mortis
  • Post mortem imbibition of blood
  • Post mortem imbibition of bile pigment
  • Gaseous distension of alimentary tract
  • Autolysis
  • Putrefaction
52
Q

What is Rigor mortis

A

Is the contraction of muscles occurring after death
(Muscles become stiff and difficult to move)

53
Q

When does Rigor mortis typically begin

A

Commences 1-6 hours after death and lasts 1-2 days

54
Q

Why does Rigor mortis occur

A

Because the body stops producing ATP after death
- ATP is required to cause separation of the actin-myosin cross-bridges during relaxation of muscle.

55
Q

What muscles after the heart are next affected in Rigor mortis

A

Head and neck muscles
(Extremities last)

56
Q

Where does Rigor mortis start

A

Starts in the heart (blood pushed out of left ventricle)

57
Q

Why does Rigor mortis reverse

A

Contraction reverses as the carcase autolyses

Proteolytic enzymes in muscle cells disrupt myosin/actin units causing separation of the actin-myosin cross-bridges and the relaxation of muscle.

58
Q

Do animals that are more muscular have stronger Rigor mortis than emaciated animals

A

Yes

59
Q

Does Rigor mortis delay or accelerate when there is high environmental temperature, or high activity before death

A

Rigor mortis is accelerated

60
Q

What is the mechanism of Rigor mortis

A
  • Reduced ATP after death, leads to build up of calcium in cytoplasm
  • This causes muscle contraction which persist as long as myosin binds to actin
  • Subsequent muscle relaxation is due to enzymatic digestion of actin-myosin cross-links
61
Q

What is the mechanism of normal muscle contraction

A
  • Action potential reaches sarcoplasmic reticulum causing it to release Calcium ions
  • Ca2+ binds to troponin (protein)
  • This binding causes a change in position of tropomyosin exposing the binding sites on actin filaments
  • Myosin heads attach to exposed binding sites on actin filament (forming cross bridges)
  • Cross bridges pull actin filaments to centre of sarcomere (contraction of sarcomere)
  • ATP is required to detach myosin head from actin filament and for Ca2+ to be pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum (resulting in relaxation)
62
Q

What is Algor mortis

A

Algor mortis is the cooling of the body to the temperature of the environment that occurs after death.

63
Q

If a carcase is warm and flaccid what is the time of death

A

Dead less than 3 hours

64
Q

If a carcase is warm and stiff what is the time of death

A

Dead for 3-8 hours

65
Q

If a carcase is cold and stiff what is the time of death

A

Dead for 8-36 hours

66
Q

If a carcase is cold and flaccid what is the time of death

A

Dead for more than 36 hours

67
Q

What happens in post mortem clotting of blood

A

Blood clots after death
Blood separates (under gravity) post mortem into
. An upper plasma layer
. A lower red blood cell layer

68
Q

How can you tell the difference between post-mortem clotting and ante-mortem clotting (thrombosis formation)

A

In post mortem clotting there is no damage to the inner surface of the vessel and the clot can be easily removed

69
Q

What is Hypostatic congestion (Livor mortis)

A

It is the result of the settling of blood in the dependent parts of the body due to the lack of circulation post mortem

70
Q

What does Hypostatic congestion (Livor mortis) look like

A

It appears as a purple-red discoloration in the dependent parts of the body after death.

71
Q

When does Hypostatic congestion (Livor mortis) start

A

Stars within the hour of death and stabilises in 12-24 hours

72
Q

What animal would Hypostatic congestion (Livor mortis) be apparent externally (to the eye)

A

In animals with little hair cover (pigs)

73
Q

What is post mortem imbibition of blood

A

After death, haemoglobin is released as erythrocytes (RBCs) are lysed, haemoglobin stains the blood vessels + adjacent tissues

74
Q

When does post mortem imbibition of blood occur

A

Within hours if death

75
Q

What is post mortem imbibition of bile pigment

A

As gall bladder and bile duct break down after death, bile diffuses out into adjacent tissues and it stains them green or yellow and then progressively greenish brown as bile is being broken down
- very localised

76
Q

Why could someone confuse jaundice with post mortem imbibition of bile pigment

A

As jaundice is where bile/bile pigment accumulates at multiple sites within the body due to underlying liver disease
- but it is a much more extensive yellow discolouration

77
Q

What is gaseous distension of the alimentary tract

A

After animal dies (particularly herbivores, as lots of commensal bacteria in gut) bacterial fermentation continues and results in the progressive accumulation of gas in the alimentary tract.

78
Q

During gaseous distension of the alimentary tract what happens to adjacent organs

A

They become pale as blood is squeezed out

79
Q

Health and safety warning when dealing with field post mortems with gaseous distension of the alimentary tract

A

Lots of pressure has built up in abdomen and the highest point of pressure will be at the highest point of the abdomen as gas rises
Do not make a stab incision at that point as intestinal contents and blood will shoot out because of the pressure

80
Q

When doing a post mortem on an animal with severe gaseous distension of the alimentary tract what should you do

A

Use an uncapped needle to let the gas out in a controlled manner
Or
Make a careful incision in the lower part of the abdomen

81
Q

How can you tell the difference between a rupture post mortem an antemortem

A

Antemortem you would expect to see evidence of an inflammatory response, such as fibrin
No inflammation after death

82
Q

What sulphides are produced due to putrefaction and what do they cause

A

Hydrogen sulphide - causes a foul smell
Ferrous sulphide - causes green or black discolouration (pseudomelanosis)

83
Q

When not to do a field post mortem examination

A

If you suspect the disease could be zoonotic
If the exam is hazardous, especially if you don’t have the correct PPE

wild animal biology (6 decks)

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