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Step 1 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

pathology + mechanism

A

keratomalacia

vitamin A deficiency that lead to metaplasia
squamous -> stratified keritanizing squamous epithelium

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2
Q

pathology + mechanism

A

myositis ossificans
metaplasia of connective tissue within the muscle into bone

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3
Q

early sign of exposure to CO

A

headache!

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4
Q

🚩 cherry red appearance of the skin

A

CO poisoning

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5
Q

🚩 cyanosis with chocolate colored blood

A

methemoglobinemia

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6
Q

hallmark of reversible cellular injury

A

cellular swelling

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7
Q

hallmark of irreversible cellular injury

A

membrane damage

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8
Q

what are the mechanisms through which a cell loses the nucleous?

A

pyknosis: nuclear condensation
karryorhexis: nuclear fragmentation
karyolysis: nuclear dissolution

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9
Q
A

fibrinoid necrosis of blood vessel
“bright pink staining of the wall”

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10
Q

in what clinical setting does fibrinoid necrosis occur?

A

malignant hypertention
vasculitis

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11
Q

🚩 congo red staining under microscope

A

amyloidosis

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12
Q

🚩 apple green birefringence under polarized light

A

amyloidosis

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13
Q
A

amyloidosis

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14
Q

amyloid that accumulates in:
senile cardiac amyloidosis + familial amyloid cardiomyopathy

A

serum transthyretin
mutated serum transthyretin

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15
Q

amyloid that accumulates in:
dialysis associated amyloidosis

where does it accumulate?

A

b-microglobulin
joints

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16
Q

🚩 tumor cells in amyloid background

A

medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

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17
Q

amyloid that accumulates in: DM

A

amylin deposits in the pancreas

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18
Q

mediators that attract neutrophils

A
  1. LTB4
  2. C5a
  3. IL-8
  4. bacterial pathogens
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19
Q

what is defective in leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

A

CD18 subunit of integrins

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20
Q

catalase positive organisms to which patients with chronic granulomatous disease are suceptible

A

staph aureus
pseudomonas cepacia
serratia marcescens
nocardia
aspergillus

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21
Q

anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-10
TGF-β

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22
Q

common infections with low immunoglobulins

A

bacterial,
enterovirus, giardia lambia

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23
Q

wiskott-aldrich triad

A
  1. thormbocytopenia
  2. eczema
  3. recurrent infections
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24
Q
A

hereditary angioedema
(C1 inhibitor deficiency)

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25
Q

li fraumeni syndrome

A

propensity to develop multiple types of sarcomas and carcinomas due to a germline mutation in p53 tumor suppressor genes

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26
Q

4 carcinomas that spread hematologically?

A
  1. renal cell carcinoma
  2. hepatocellular carcinoma
  3. choriocarcinoma
  4. follicular carcinoma of the thyroid
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27
Q

🚩 omental caking

A

changes seen on the omentum in ovarian carcinoma due to seeding

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28
Q

what tissues/cancers is the chromogranin stain found in?

A

neuroendocrine

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28
Q

what tissues/cancers is the chromogranin stain found in?

A

neuroendocrine

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29
Q

plummer-vinson syndrome

A

iron deficiency anemia + esophageal web + atrophic glossitis

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30
Q
A

iron deficiency anemia
(microcytic, hypocromic, ↑RDW)

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31
Q

finding + ddx

A

siderroblasts: siderroblastic anemia

  • ALAS deficiency
  • Vit B6 deficiency
  • LB poisoning
  • Alcoholism
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32
Q

what do nucleated RBC on smear indicate?

A

extramedullary hematopoiesis

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33
Q

finding + ddx

A

target cells

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34
Q

how do you correct reticulocyte count?

A

RC * Hct/45

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35
Q

🚩 hemosiderinuria

A

intravascular hemolysis

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36
Q

🚩 ↑MCHC

A

hereditary spherocytosis

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37
Q

finding + what does it indicate?

A

howell-jolly bodies
fragments of nuclear material in RBC on blod smear, only seen after splenectomy

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38
Q

dx

A

spherocytosis

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39
Q

organism responsible for osteomyelitis in sickle cell pts?

A

salmonella paratyphi

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40
Q

dx

A

sickle cell disease

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41
Q

dx

A

HbC

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42
Q

finding + dx

A

heinz bodies
G6PD deficiency

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43
Q

finding + dx

A

fatty bone marrow
aplastic anemia/pancytopenia

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44
Q

finding + dx

A

fatty bone marrow
aplastic anemia/pancytopenia

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45
Q

finding + dx

A

cholesterol crystals
atheroscletoic embolus

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46
Q

dx

A

fat embolus

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47
Q

finding + dx

A

atypicall lymphocyte
infectious mononucleosis

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48
Q

🚩 auer rods

A

crystals of MPO –> myeloblasts
AML

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49
Q

finding + dx

A

auer rods
AML

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50
Q

finding + dx

A

smudge cells
CLL

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51
Q

dx

A

hairy cell leukemia

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52
Q

finding + dx

A

cerebriform nucleio –> sezary cells
mycosis fungoides

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53
Q

finding + dx

A

“starry sky appearance”
burkitt lymphoma

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54
Q

finding + dx

A

lacunar cells
nodular sclerosis - hodgkin lymyphoma

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55
Q

finding + dx

A

reid steinburg cell
hodgkin lymphoma

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56
Q

pulseless disease

A

weak or absent pulse in upper extremities –> takayasu arteritis

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57
Q

🚩 string of pearls appearance

A

polyarteritis nodosa

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58
Q

dx

A

hyaline arteriolosclerosis

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59
Q

dx

A

hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

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60
Q

dressler syndrome

A

autoimmune pericarditis
typically occurs 6-8 weeks after MI

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61
Q

finding + dx

A

contraction band necrosis
consequence of reperfusion of MI that results from calcium influx with hypercontractions of myofibrils

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62
Q

heart failure cells

A

hemosiderin-laden macrophages that pick up after intraalveolar hemorrhage occurs from congested alveolar capillaries

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63
Q

finding + dx

A

hemosiderin-laden macrophages (heart failure cells)
left-sided congestive heart failure

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64
Q

finding + dx

A

nutmeg liver
right-sided congestive heart failure

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65
Q

finding + dx

A

bootshaped heart
tetralogy of fallot

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66
Q

finding + dx

A

notched ribs
coartation of the aorta

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67
Q

HACEK organisms

A

cause of negative blood culture endocarditis
Haemophilus
Actinobacillus
Cardiobacterium
Eikenella
Kingella

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68
Q

causes of DIC

A
(E Coli + N meningitidis)
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69
Q

what does crioprecipitate contain?

A
  • factor VIII (8)
  • factor XIII (13)
  • vWF
  • fibrinogen
  • fibronectin
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70
Q

🚩 child/young adult with nasal polyp

A

ddx for cystic fibrosis!!

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71
Q

🚩 pleomorphic keratin positive cells in a background of lymphocytes

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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72
Q

🚩 currant jelly sputum

A

lobar pneumonia –> klebsiella plneumoniae
(aspiration of enteric flora)

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73
Q

organisms seen in aspiration pneumonia

A

anaerobic bacteria in the oropharynx
* bacteroides
* fusobacterium
* peptococcus

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74
Q

dx

A

lobar pneumonia

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75
Q

dx

A

broncopneumonia

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76
Q

dx

A

intestitial (atypical) pneumonia

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77
Q

pott disease

A

musculoskeletal tuberculosis

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78
Q

aspirin-intolerant asthma triad

A
  1. asthma
  2. aspirin-induced broncospasms
  3. nasal polyps
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79
Q

🚩 honeycomb lung

A

end stage idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

79
Q

finding + dx

A

**charcot-leyden crystals
**
asthma

80
Q

dx

A

intestitial fibrosis
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

81
Q

finding + dx

A

noncaseating granuloma in the lung
sarcoidosis

82
Q

finding + dx

A

asteroid body
sarcoidosis

83
Q

finding + dx

A

plexiform lesions in the lungs
primary pulmunary hypertention

84
Q

finding + dx

A

hyaline membranes in the lung
ARDS

85
Q

dx

A

“white-out”
ARDS

86
Q

caplan syndrome

A

coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (black lung) associated with rhematoid arthritis

87
Q

🚩 non caseating granulomas in multiple organs

A

sarcoidosis

88
Q

finding + dx

A

asbestos bodies

89
Q

finding + dx

A

“ground glass appearance”
neonatal resp distress snd.

90
Q

finding + dx

A

keratin pearls
squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

91
Q

finding + dx

A

intercellular bridges
squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

92
Q

behçhet syndrome triad

A
  1. aphthous ulcers
  2. genital ulcers
  3. uveitis
93
Q

boerhaave syndrome

A

rupture of the esophagus that leads to air in the mediastinum + subcutaneous emphysema

93
Q

dx

A

barret’s esophagus

94
Q

dx

location: stomach

A

benign peptic ulcer

95
Q

dx

location: stomach

A

malignant peptic ulcer

96
Q

finding + dx

A

signet ring cells
gastric carcinoma (diffuse type)

97
Q

dx

A

celiac disease
(flattened villi, hyperplasia of the crypts)

97
Q

sign + dx

A

double bubble sign
duodenal atresia

98
Q

carcinoid syndrome

A
  1. bronchospasm
  2. diarrhea
  3. flushing of the skin

triggered by stress/alcohol -> stimulate serotonin release by tumor

secondary to carcinoid tumor (ex: small bowel)

99
Q

carcinoid heart

A

right-sided valvular fibrosis (tricuspid regurg, pulmonary stenosis) secondary to carcinoid tumor of the small bowel

100
Q

sign + dx

A

lead pipe
ulcerative colitis

101
Q

sign + dx

A

string-sign
chron disease

102
Q

findings + dx

A

cobblestone mucosa + creeping fat
chron disease

103
Q

gardner syndrome

A

FAP with fibromatosis + osteomas

103
Q

turcot syndrome

A

FAP + CNS tumors

104
Q

finding + dx

location: gall bladder

A

rokitansky-aschoff sinuses
chronic cholecystitis

105
Q

finding + dx

A

porcelain gallbladder
chronic cholecystitis –> gallbladder carcinoma

106
Q

risk with HEV infx in pregnanct women?

A

fulminant hepatitis!

107
Q

dx

location: liver

A

liver cirrhosis

108
Q

dx

A

fatty liver

109
Q

findings + dx

A

hepatocyte swelling + mallory bodies
alcoholic hepatitis

110
Q

dx

A

hemochromatosis

111
Q

finding + dx

A

onion-skin fibrosis
primary sclerosin cholangitis

112
Q

how do we ddx extramammary padget disease from melanoma?

A

stains!

padget: PAS+, keratin +, S100-
melanoma: PAS-, keratin -, S100+

113
Q

dx

A

condiloma acuminata (HPV)

114
Q

finding + dx

A

koilocytic change of the nucleous
HPV

115
Q

finding + ddx

A

malignant epithelial cells in the epidermis

ddx:
* extramammary padget disease (carcinoma in situ)
* melanoma

116
Q

curling ulcer

A

acute gastritis (ulcer) seen in burn victims due to hypvolemia which leads to mucosal ischemia

“burned by the curling iron

117
Q

cushing ulcer

A

acute gastritis (ulcer) see in patients with brain injury due to increased vagal stimulation which leads to ↑ Ach and ↑ H production

“always cushion the brain

118
Q

dx

A

malrotation

119
Q

sign + dx

A

target sign
intussuception

120
Q

sign + dx

A

coffee bean sign
volvulus (sigmoid colon)

121
Q

🚩 failure to pass meconium in the first 48 hrs

A

hirschsprung disease!

122
Q

dx

location: vaginal epithelium

A

adenosis
(columnar epithelium in the upper vagina)

123
Q

dx

A

embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

124
Q

how do we diagnose embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

hallmark cell: rhabdomyoblasts that exhibit cytoplasmic cross-striations
staining: desmin+, myogenin+

125
Q

finding + dx

A

chocolate cyst
endometriosis with ovarian involvement

126
Q

finding + dx

A

gun-powder nodules
endometriosis with sof tissue implants

127
Q

dx

location: uterus

A

endometrial hyperplasia

128
Q

dx

A

leiomyoma

129
Q

tumors with psammoma bodies

A
  1. papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
  2. meningyoma
  3. mesothelioma
  4. ovarian cancer
  5. endometrial carcinoma
130
Q

finding + dx

A

effacement of the foot processes
ddx:
* minimal change disease
* fsgs

131
Q

dx

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

132
Q

finding + dx

A

thick basement membranes

ddx:
* membranous nephropathy
* membrano proliferative glomerulonephritis

133
Q

finding + dx

A

**granular IF **

nephropathy:
* membranous nephropathy
* membrano proliferative glomerulonephritis

nephritic snd:
* post-strep glomerulonephritis PSGN
* diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

134
Q

finding + dx

A

spike and dome appearance
membranous nephorpathy

135
Q

finding + dx

A

tram-track appearance
MPGN

136
Q

finding + dx

A

kimmelstiel-wilson bodies
DM

137
Q

lupus nephropathy/nephritic syndrome

A
  1. diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
  2. membranous nephropathy
138
Q

finding + dx

A

linear IF
goodpasteur snd

139
Q

finding + dx

A

IgA nephropathy

140
Q

🚩 steril pyuria

A

uretritis!
chlamydia + neisseria

141
Q

what cells produce erythropoitin?

A

renal peritubular intestitial cells

141
Q

finding + dx

A

“thyrodization of the kidney”
chronic pyelonephritis

141
Q

dx

A

renal cell carcinoma

142
Q

dx

location: kidney

A

renal cell carcinoma (clear cell type)

143
Q

dx

location: kidney

A

wilm’s tumor

144
Q

WAGR syndrome

A

Wilms tumor
Aniridia
Genital ambnormalities
mental & motor Retardation

WT1 tumor supp gene 11p13

145
Q

denys-drash syndrome

A

wilms tumor
progressive renal disease
male pseudohermaphroditism

WT1

146
Q

beckwith-wiedemann syndrome

A

wilms tumor
neonatal hypoglycemia
muscular hemihypertrophy
organomegally

WT2 chrom 11p15

147
Q

testicular/ovarian cancer in children

A

yolk sac tumor
(endodermal sinus tumor)

148
Q

finding + dx

A

schiller-duval bodies
endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor)

149
Q

dx

A

embryonal carcinoma

150
Q

dx

A

seminoma

151
Q

finding + dx

A

scalloping of the thyroid
graves disease

152
Q

finding + dx

location: thyroid

A

chronic inflammation with germinal centers + hurthle cells
hashimoto thyroiditis

153
Q

dx

location: thyroid

A

follicular adenoma of the thyroid

154
Q

findings + dx

location: thyroid

A

orphan annie eye nuclei + nuclear grooves
papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

155
Q

finding + dx

A

psammomma body
papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

156
Q

dx

location: thyroid

A

“malignant cells in an amyloid stroma”
medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

157
Q

🚩 tender thyroid

A

granulomatous subacute thryroiditis (de quervain)

158
Q

🚩 “hard as wood,” non tender thyroid

A

reidel fibrosing thyroiditis

159
Q

ddx
reidel fibrosing thyroiditis vs. anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid

A

population!

adults (40s) –> RFT
elderly –> anaplastic carcinoma

160
Q

waterhouse-friedrichsen snd

A

acute adrenal insufficiency due to hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal glands secondary to neisseria meningitidis sepsis + DIC

161
Q

🚩 periareolar mass with green-brown nipple discharge

A

mammary ductal ectasia

162
Q

🚩 bloody nipple discharge in premenopausal women

A

intraductal papilloma

163
Q

benign and malignant calcification on mammography

A

benign:
* fat necrosis
* sclerosing adenosis

malignant
* ductal carcinoma in situ

164
Q

dx

location: breast

A

phylloides tumor

165
Q

dx

location: breast

A

ductal carcinoma in situ
(comedo type)

166
Q

dx

location: breast

A

invasive ductal carcinoma
(mucinous)

167
Q

dx

location: breast

A

inflammatory carcinoma

168
Q

dx

location: breast

A

invasive lobular carcinoma

169
Q

dx

A

“cannonball” metastases
choriocarcinoma

170
Q

🚩 male with ↑PLAP

A

seminoma!

171
Q

(+) prhen sign

A

epididimitis!

172
Q

causes of SIADH

A

“HEELD-up water

Head trauma
Ectopic (small cell lung ca)
Exogenous hormones (vasopressin, oxytocin)
Lung disease
Drugs (cyclophosphamide)

173
Q

thyroid storm tx

A

propranolol (b-block)
propylthiuracil
prednisolone (glucocorticoid)
potassion iodide (lugol)

174
Q

wolff-chaikoff effect

A

sudden exposure to iodine excess temporarily turns off thyroid peroxidase

175
Q

jod-basedow phenomenon

A

iodine induced hyperthyroidism (in a previous iodine depleted patient when given iodine, IV contrast or amiodarone)

176
Q

cardiac pathology associated with freidreich’s ataxia?

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

177
Q

dx

A

dilated 4th ventricle
dandy walker malformation

178
Q

finding + dx

A

red neurons
ischemic stroke (brain infarct)

179
Q

finding + dx

A

bleeding at the base of the brain
subarachnoid hemorrhage

180
Q

finding + dx

A

neuritic plaque
alzheimer

181
Q

finding + dx

A

neurofibrillary tangle
(tau protein - hyperphosphorilated)
alzheimers

182
Q

finding + dx

A

lewy body

basal ganglia: parkinsons
cortex: lewy body dementia

183
Q

finding + dx

A

“butterfly lesion” (crosses midline)
glioblastoma multiforme

184
Q

finding + dx

A

whorled pattern
meningioma

185
Q

finding + dx

A

“fried egg”
oligodendrioma

186
Q

finding + dx

A

rosenthal fibers
pilocytic astrocytoma

187
Q

finding + dx

A

perivascular pseudorossettes
ependymoma

188
Q

🚩 bone pain that resolves with aspirin

A

osteoid osteoma

189
Q

finding + dx

location: bone

A

mosaic pattern (puzzle piece tumor)
padget disease of the bone

190
Q

what is dermatomyositis associated with?

A

gastric carcinoma!

191
Q

what tumors are miasthenia gravis and lambert-eaton associated with?

A

MG: thymoma
LE: paraneoplastic (small cell lung ca)

192
Q

what is leser-trélat associated with?

A

(multiple seborrheic keratoses)
GI carcinoma

Step 1 (5 decks)

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