Pathology 1.2

Question 1

What is cystitis ?

Answer 1

It is inflammation of the bladder

Question 2

What is Ureteritis cystica/Cystitis Cystica?

Answer 2

Multiple small fluid filled cysts projecting into lumen

Question 3

What are the common organisms causing cystitis ?

Answer 3

E. Coli., Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas

Question 4

Who is usually affected by urethral obstruction ?

Answer 4

Men - due to Stricture, posterior urethral valves, prostatic disease.

Question 5

What can prolonged bladder outlet obstruction result in ?

Answer 5

Hypertrophy of detrusor muscle – possible diverticulum formation.

Question 6

What is hydronephrosis ?

Answer 6

It is essentially where there is obstruction/reflux to the kidney which results in backflow of pressure causing a build up of urine inside the kidneys

Question 7

What are the characteristic features of hydronephrosis ?

Answer 7

• Dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces
• This can lead to atrophy of the parenchyma
• Marked cortical thinning, atrophy and fibrosis.

Question 8

What are some of the causes of hydronephrosis ?

Answer 8

Bilateral; Urethral obstruction, neurogenic disturbance, VUR, bilateral ureteric obstruction (e.g. advanced carcinoma of cervix).

Unilateral; Calculi, neoplasms, pelvi-ureteric obstruction, strictures.