Pathology

Question 1

Repair for minimal necrosis and good blood supply?

Answer 1

Resolution

Question 2

Resolution is usually the outcome for what 3 things?

Answer 2

Acute inflammation, erosions and abrasions

Question 3

What is suppuration + when does it occur?

Answer 3

Pus formation + if a foreign agent is difficult to get rid of

Question 4

Repair for mass necrosis and loss of scaffolding?

Answer 4

Fibrosis

Question 5

3 things needed in fibrosis to form granulation tissue + what is organisation charatcterised by + role of fibroblasts?

Answer 5

Macrophages, fibroblasts and collagen + proliferation of fibroblasts + angiogenesis

Question 6

Chronic inflammation cells + what they may form?

Answer 6

Macrophages and lymphocytes + granuloma

Question 7

Granulomas are not associated with?

Answer 7

Autoimmune disease

Question 8

Body response to increased stress growth factors?

Answer 8

Increased production of growth factors or increased expression of growth factor receptors

Question 9

3 types of growth factor receptor?

Answer 9

With intrinsic tyrosine kinase, without intrinsic tyrosine kinase and GPCRs

Question 10

Cell cycle is mediated by … which are mediated by … ?

Answer 10

CDKs and cyclins

Question 11

G1 CDK, cyclin and function?

Answer 11

• Cyclin D activates CDK4
• CDK4 phosphorylates Rb which is normally bound to E2F

Question 12

S phase CDK, cyclin and function?

Answer 12

Cyclin A activates CDK2 which promotes DNA replication

Question 13

Where does p53 check DNA?

Answer 13

G1/S and G2/M checkpoints

Question 14

Hyperplasia?

Answer 14

Increase in cell number

Question 15

Hypertrophy?

Answer 15

Increase in cell size

Question 16

Atrophy?

Answer 16

Reduction in cells size

Question 17

Cell death can either be via?

Answer 17

Necrosis or apoptosis

Question 18

What is necrosis + ATP requirement?

Answer 18

Pathological cell death and does not require ATP

Question 19

3 types of necrosis and what they are?

Answer 19

• Coagulative (preserved cell outline)
• Liquefactive (all liquid and associated with infection)
• Caseous (cheesy necrosis associated with TB and granulomas)

Question 20

What is apoptosis + ATP requirement?

Answer 20

Programmed cell death which requires ATP

Question 21

Commonality between apoptosis and necrosis?

Answer 21

Both kill via caspase cascade

Question 22

Extrinsic cell death pathway?

Answer 22

Fas binds Fas receptor on target cell and activates caspase cascade

Question 23

Intrinsic cell death pathway?

Answer 23

Bax and Bak puncture mitochondria and release cytochrome C that stimulate caspase cascade

Question 24

How does p53 cause cell death?

Answer 24

Increases p21 levels which inhibit CDKs

Question 25

Malignancy pathway?

Answer 25

Hyperplasia OR metaplasia, dysplasia and malignancy

Question 26

Difference between the area of spread for dysplastic and malignant cells?

Answer 26

Dysplastic cells remain above the basement membrane vs cancer cells which invade below

Question 27

4 tumour suppressor gene examples?

Answer 27

BRCA, APC, p53, Rb

Question 28

Double hit hypothesis?

Answer 28

Mutations needed on both copies of the same gene to get disease

Question 29

What is HNPCC/Lynch syndrome vs FAP + what they both have in common + specific mutations?

Answer 29

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer vs familial adenomatous polyposis + both genetic predisposition to bowel cancer + MMR proteins vs APC tumour suppressor gene

Question 30

4 oncogene examples?

Answer 30

MYC, RAS, HER2, B-RAF

Question 31

Test for chemical carinogenic potential?

Answer 31

Ames' test

Question 32

What helps DNA recover from UVB radiation?

Answer 32

Nuclear excision repair (NER)

Question 33

Carcinogenic chemicals are ..... but need to be followed by a ....... to ....... ?

Answer 33

Initiators, promoter, actually cause cancer

Question 34

Lymphoma tumour suppressor gene mutation?

Answer 34

MYC

Question 35

Most commonly mutated kinase in cancer?

Answer 35

P13K

Question 36

What adds TTAGGG repeats?

Answer 36

Telomerase

Question 37

Function of Bcl-2 + what it allows a tumour to do?

Answer 37

Inhibits bax and bak + avoids apoptosis

Question 38

Name 2 conditions that predispose colon cancer?

Answer 38

HNPCC and FAP

Question 39

What do cancer cells express to break through the basement membrane?

Answer 39

Express metalloproteinases (MMPs) which chew through tissue

Question 40

An increased what indicates dysplasia/ malignancy?

Answer 40

Nucleus

Question 41

Ratio used to determine if cells are dysplastic/ malignant?

Answer 41

N:C

Question 42

Epithelial malignancy name?

Answer 42

Carcinoma

Question 43

Glandular epithelium tumour names?

Answer 43

Adenoma (benign) and adenocarcinoma (malignant)

Question 44

Squamous epithelium tumour names?

Answer 44

Papilloma (benign) + squamous cell carcinoma (benign)

Question 45

Fat tumour names?

Answer 45

Lipoma vs liposarcoma

Question 46

Bone tumour names?

Answer 46

Osteoma vs osteosarcoma

Question 47

Cartilage tumour names?

Answer 47

Enchondroma vs chondrosarcoma

Question 48

Skeletal muscle tumour names?

Answer 48

Rhabdomyoma vs rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 49

Smooth muscle tumour names?

Answer 49

Leiomyoma vs leiomyosarcoma

Question 50

CNS malignancy name?

Answer 50

Glioma

Question 51

Pigmented skin cell (melanocyte) malignancy name?

Answer 51

Melanoma

Question 52

Acronym used for cancer staging + guidelines?

Answer 52

Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM): T1 = submucosa T2 = muscularis externa T3 = beyond muscularis externa T4 = outwith all layers/ contacting neighbouring structure N0 = no nodes affected N1 = nodes affected M0 = no metastasis M1 = metastasis

Question 53

Grade of a cancer is an indication of?

Answer 53

How severe it is

Question 54

Poorly differentiated cell vs well differentiated?

Answer 54

High grade vs low grade

Question 55

What is carcinoma-in-situ + it is the last stage before?

Answer 55

Dyslplasia affecting the whole epithelium + invasion below the basement membrane

Question 56

2 roles of VEGF?

Answer 56

Mediate WBC diapedesis + angiogenesis

Question 57

Dukes A, B and C?

Answer 57

A = submucosa, B = muscularis externa and C = past muscularis externa

Question 58

Name for the 8 hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 58

Weinberg Hallmarks

Question 59

Fungal spore associated with p53 mutations in liver cancer?

Answer 59

Aflatoxins

Question 60

2 "asias" that are at risk of developing into cancer?

Answer 60

Metaplasia and hyperplasia

Question 61

Is DNA in hyperplasia and metaplasia abnormal or normal?

Answer 61

Normal

Question 62

Malignancy is characterised by?

Answer 62

The ability to invade tissue

Question 63

Cancer that produces mucin?

Answer 63

Adenocarcinoma

Question 64

Presence of signet cells means what?

Answer 64

Bad cancer

Question 65

What is linitus plastica + associated cancer?

Answer 65

Rigid stomach + gastric adenocarcinoma

Question 66

4 main cancer categories?

Answer 66

Epithelial, mesenchymal (connective tissue), haematologial and neuroectoderm

Question 67

Which lymph nodes does testicular cancer spread to?

Answer 67

Para-aortic

Question 68

First organ to investigate with GI malignancy?

Answer 68

Liver

Question 69

3 cancers that pops up anywhere?

Answer 69

Prostate, small cell lung cancer and melanoma

Question 70

Blood vessels cancer names?

Answer 70

Haemangioma vs angiosarcoma

Question 71

Spread of sarcomas vs carcinomas?

Answer 71

Local vs metastasis

Question 72

Cancer that forms uniform, solid white masses vs uniform, yellow masses?

Answer 72

Lymphomas + carcinoid tumours

Question 73

Are brain tumors more likely to be primary tumor or metastasised carcinoma?

Answer 73

Metastisised carcinoma

Question 74

4 categories of cancer treatment?

Answer 74

Radical, palliative, adjuvant (after surgery) and neo-adjuvant (before surgery)

Question 75

Epithelioid histiocytes are seen in?

Answer 75

Granuloma

Question 76

Children rarely get which type of cancer?

Answer 76

Eptheilal/ carcinomas

Question 77

3 tissues that are mesenchymal?

Answer 77

Bone, cartilage and muscle

Question 78

Cancer that defies rule of benign naming?

Answer 78

Hepatoma

Question 79

Name 2 viruses associated with causing cancer?

Answer 79

HPV and EBV