- RER ribosome binds to mRNA to allow translation - SER is for processing protein + lipids

Histology Flashcards by Emilia Summers

The plasmalemma contains what 3 things?

Phospholipids, cholesterol and protein

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3 proteins that make provide cell structure?

Microfilaments, intermediate, microtubules

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What are microfilaments made of + use in cancer?

Actin filaments + cell specific so used to identify tumour types

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Role of intermediate filaments?

Bind things together in the cytoplasm

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What are microtubules made of?

Alpha and beta tubulin subunits

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2 main roles of microtubules?

Radiate from the MTOC and form the mitotic spindle to move chromosomes during cell division
Act as a railway for motor proteins e.g. kinesin and dynein

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What are inclusions?

Components the cell makes itself

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Space between nuclear membranes?

Perinuclear cistern

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Where is rRNA made?

In the nucleolus

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Where is tRNA and mRNA made?

In the nucleus

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RER and SER roles?

RER ribosome binds to mRNA to allow translation
SER is for processing protein + lipids

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Golgi apparatus role?

Modifies protein

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Mitochondria structure?

Double membrane contain the ETC proteins and fold to form cristae
Middle matrix contains enzymes for the CAC

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Tight junctions name + function?

Zonula occludens
Prevents diffusion of cell products

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Adherent junction name + function?

Zonula adherens
Cadherin binds cell neighbor cell actin filaments

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Desmosome name + function?

Macula adherin
Found holding epithelium together

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What makes up a junctional complex?

ZA + MA + ZO

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Communicating junction name + function?

Gap junction
Connexon forms pores between cells to allow diffusion

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Dyes for tissue sample staining + what type of molecule they stain + colour?

Haematoxylin (stains acid molecules purple) and eosin (stains basic molecules pink)

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3 epithelium shapes?

Squamous, cuboidal and columnar

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3 epithelium levels?

Simple, stratified and pseudostratified

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3 epithelium features?

Microvilli (brush border), cilia and keratin

Connective tissue, extracellular matrix and ground substance summary?

CT = cells and extracellular martix
EM = fibres and ground substance
GS = glycosaminoglycans

Connective tissue types summary?

Soft = loose or dense
Dense = regular or irregular
Hard = cartilage
Cartilage = hyaline, elastic or fibrocartilage

Striations are what?

Myofibrils of actin and myosin in units called sarcomeres

Striated muscle vs non-striated?

Skeletal and cardiac vs smooth

2 main features of smooth muscle cells?

Non-striated + elongated nucleus

2 main features of skeletal muscle cells?

Very striated + multinucleated

3 main features of cardiac muscle cells?

Striated + central nucleus + branched cells

Nervous tissue in CNS vs PNS?

Meninges vs epineureum

3 types of glia in the CNS + roles?

Astrocytes (support + ion transport), oligonderocytes (produce myelin) and microglia (immune surveillance)

3 types of neuron + their structure?

Bipolar, (1 D: I A) multipolar (Many D: 1 A) and pseudounipolar (A has CNS and PNS branch)

Salivary glands + what they make?

- Parotid, submandibular and sublingual - Have striated ducts to filter out ions - Parotid makes more serous than mucous - Sublingual makes more mucous than serous - Submandibular makes equal amounts - Serous + mucous = saliva

Layers of the digestive system?

- Mucosa (epithelium + basal lamina/ basement membrane + muscularis mucosae) - Submucosa - Muscularis externa - Adventitia or serosa

Layers of blood vessels?

- Tunica intima + media + adevntitia - Layers separated by by elastic membrane

Change in walls of larger arteries vs veins?

- Arteries = tunica media has more elastic fibres - Veins = tunica adventitia has more smooth muscle

Where would you find continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal capillaries?

Muscle, gut and liver

Large artery own blood supply?

Vaso vasorum

Haemopoiesis takes place where before birth vs after birth?

Liver + spleen vs bone marrow

Where is most blood?

In the peripheral veins

Granulocytes?

NEB

Agranulocytes?

L + M

Most common WBC?

Neutrophils

Rarest WBC?

Basophils

Neutrophil 3 point summary?

- Main cell in acute inflammation - Multi-lobed nucleus - Stains poorly

Eosinophil 3 point summary?

- Active in allergic reaction and parasitic infection (helminthes and protozoa) - Stains VERY red/pink - Bi-lobed nucleus

Basophil 4 point summary?

- Active in allergic reaction - Release histamine and heparin - Bi- lobed nucleus - Very granulated and stains purple

Monocyte 2 point summary?

- Kidney-shaped nucleus - Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells

3 different types of lymphocytes?

B cells, T cells and NK cells

Phospholipids are described as being .... + the plasmalemma is decribed as having a .... appearance?

Amphipathic + trilaminar

Difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

Euchromatin is actively undergoing transcription

Glia in the PNS + 2 roles?

Schwann cells + support and produce myelin

Capillaries drain into .... where they start to gain .... ?

Post capillary venules + smooth muscle

RBC life expectancy + how they die?

4 months and removed by spleen