Pathology Flashcards
Avulsion Fractures
Avulsion fractures are generally small fragments torn from bony prominences; they are usually the
result of indirectly applied tension forces within attached ligaments and tendons rather than direct blows.
Bennet’s fractures
A Bennett fracture is a fracture of the base of the thumb resulting from forced abduction of the first metacarpal.
Bimalleolar
- A bimalleolar fracture is one involving both the medial and the lateral malleoli.
- Because of the mechanism of injury, the fracture on one side is transverse, whereas the fracture on the other side is oblique or spiral.
Blow-out fracture
A blowout fracture is caused by a direct blow to the
front of the orbit that causes a rapid increase in intra-orbital
pressure.
Boxer’s fracture
A boxer’s fracture is a transverse fracture of the neck of
the fifth metacarpal with volar (palmar) angulation of the
distal fragment. This injury is typically the
result of a blow struck with the fist.
Closed fracture
In closed fractures, the overlying skin is intact; if
the overlying skin is disrupted, the fracture is open, or compound.
Colle’s Fracture
Colles’ fracture is a transverse fracture through the distal
radius with dorsal (posterior) angulation and often overriding of the distal fracture fragment. In more than half the cases, there is an associated avulsion fractureof the ulnar styloid process. Colles’ fracture is usually caused by a fall on the outstretched hand and is the most common fracture of the wrist.
Comminuted fracture
Fractures with more than 2 fragments.
Complete fracture
Discontinuity between two or more fragments.
Compound fracture
Overlying skin is disrupted with tissue destruction(also called open fracture).
Compression Fracture
- A compression fracture results from a compression force
that causes compaction of bone trabeculae and results in
decreased length or width of a portion of a bone. - Compression fractures most commonly occur in the vertebral body as a result of flexion of the spine; they may also be seen as impacted fractures of the humeral or femoral heads.
Contrecoup fracture
A fracture of the cranial vault occurring at a site approximately opposite the point of impact.
Depressed fractures
Portions of the fracture fragments driven inward, such as the skull or tibial plateau. Star like fractures.
Fractures with bone fragments out of alignment.
Displaced fractures
Greenstick fracture
- A greenstick fracture is an incomplete fracture with the
opposite cortex intact. - Greenstick fractures are found almost exclusively in infants and children because of the softness of their cancellous bone.
Hangman’s fracture
- The hangman’s fracture is the result of acute hyperextension of the head on the neck. It appears as a fracture of the arch of C2 anterior to the inferior facet and is usually associated with anterior subluxation of C2 on C3.
- Although originally described in patients who had been
hanged, this injury is now far more commonly the result of
motor vehicle collisions
Impacted Fracture
Impacted fracture is a type of fracture in which one of the broken fragments of the bone wedges into another.
A fracture that causes only partial discontinuity, with a portion of the cortex remaining intact.
Incomplete fracture
Intertrochanteric Fracture
Intertrochanteric Fractures are common extracapsular fractures of the proximal femur at the level of the greater and lesser trochanter that are most commonly seen following ground-level falls in the elderly population.
Linear fracture
the break is parallel to the bone’s long axis
Longitudinal fracture
Longitudinal fractures are fractures that occur along (or nearly along) the axis of the bone.
March Fracture
March fracture, is the fracture of the distal third of one of the metatarsals occurring because of recurrent stress.
Monteggia Fracture
A Monteggia fracture (Figure 4-106) is an isolated fracture of the shaft of the ulna associated with anterior dislocation of the radius at the elbow.
Oblique Fracture
An oblique fracture runs a course of approximately 45 degrees to the long axis of the bone and is caused by angulation or by both angulation and compression forces.
Open Fractures
Overlying skin is disrupted.
Pathological Fracture
- A pathologic fracture occurs when a bone breaks in an area that was already weakened by another disease.
- Causes of weakened bone include osteoporosis, tumors, infection, and certain inherited bone disorders.
Salter-Harris fracture
A Salter-Harris fracture is an injury to the growth plate area of a child’s bone.
Smith’s fracture
A smith fracture is a fracture of the distal radius.
Spiral Fracture
A spiral fracture encircles the shaft, is generally longer than an oblique fracture, and is caused by torsional forces.
Supracondylar fracture
A supracondylar fracture is an injury to the humerus, or upper arm bone, at its narrowest point, just above the elbow.
Transverse Fracture
A transverse fracture runs at a right angle to the long axis of
a bone and most commonly results from a direct blow or is
a fracture within pathologic bone.
Trimalleolar fracture
Trimalleolar fractures involve the posterior lip of the tibia in addition to the medial and lateral malleoli and usually represent fracture–dislocations.
Undisplaced Fractures
Fracture without angulation or separation.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the small bones in your spine (vertebrae) to fuse. This fusing makes the spine less flexible and can result in a hunched-forward posture. If ribs are affected, it can be difficult to breathe deeply.
Aseptic necrosis
- Cystic and sclerotic degeneration due to injury, not infection.
- Caused by poor blood supply to an area of bone, leading to localized bone death.
Cystic bone lesion
round osteolytic destructions of the bone structure that appear either as a independent skeletal entity or as a particular symptom of a multitude of focal or systemic diseases of the hand skeleton.
Developmental hip dysplasia
Congenital hip dysplasia, also known as developmental hip
dysplasia, results from incomplete acetabulum formation
caused by physiologic and mechanical factors.
Gout
Gout is a disorder in the metabolism of purine (a component
of nucleic acids) in which an increase in the blood level of
uric acid leads to the deposition of uric acid crystals in the
joints, cartilage, and kidney.
Joint effusion
Joint effusion (a swollen joint) happens when extra fluids flood the tissues around your joint.
Kyphosis
Anterior convexity in the curvature
of the thoracic spine, sacrum, and coccyx, as
viewed from the side.
Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease ( LCPD) is a childhood hip disorder initiated by a disruption of blood flow to the head of the femur.
Legge-Calve-Perthe’s disease
Anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine, as viewed from the side.
Lordosis
Anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine, as viewed from the side.
Lordosis
Occurs when cancer cells break away from the original tumor and spread to the bones, where they begin to multiply.
Metastatic bone lesions
- a disseminated (widespread) malignancy of plasma cells that may be associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure, hypercalcemia, renal failure, and recurrent infections.
- Occurs at intramedullary canal of the diaphysis
Multiple myeloma
a condition that causes pain and swelling below the knee joint, where the patellar tendon attaches to the top of the shinbone (tibia), a spot called the tibial tuberosity. There may also be inflammation of the patellar tendon, which stretches over the kneecap.
Osgood Schlatter’s disease
- This condition suffers repeated fractures caused by the severe osteoporosis and the thin, defective cortices.
- Pathologic fracture, very thin cortical density
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Narrowing of the joint space, caused by thinning of the articular cartilage, and development of small bony spurs (osteophytes) along the margins of the articular edges of the bones.
Osteoarthritis
bacterial, or fungal, infection of the bone.
Osteomyelitis
- Loss of bone mass in entire skeleton(accelerated bone resorption)
- Cortical thinning appears as a relatively
dense and prominent thin line
Osteoporosis
Benign projection of bone with a cartilaginous cap that arises in childhood or the teen years, especially about the knee.
Osteosarcoma
Destruction of bone, followed by a reparative process, results in weakened, deformed, and thickened bony structures that tend to fracture easily.
Paget’s disease
• Periarticular soft tissue swelling
• Symmetric joint destruction and deformity
- synovial inflammation (soft tissue mass) causes narrowing of atlantoaxial articulation.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Lateral curvature of any of the spine.
Scoliosis
- A posterior defect of the spinal canal, resulting from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly.
- associated with large bony defects, absence of the laminae, and increased interpedicular distance
Spina Bifida
Defect in par interarticularis with displacement.
Spondylolisthesis
Defect in par interarticularis without displacement.
Spondylolysis
degenerative changes in the spine such as bone spurs and degenerating intervertebral discs between the vertebrae
Spondylosis
Partial dislocation of joint
Subluxation
Causing collapse of part or all lung
Atelectasis
Permanent dilation of one or more large bronchi.
Bronchiectasis
Excessive tracheobronchial mucus production, leading to the obstruction of small airways.
Bronchitis
Irregular thickening of linear markings throughout lung.
Hyperinflation
CT demonstrates structural lung damage and disease progression
Affects bronchi
Cystic fibrosis
Flattening of the domes of the diaphragm, increased
AP diameter of the chest, and increased lucency of the
retrosternal air space a
Emphysema
Pus in the pleural space is called _________________.
Empyema
Haemophilus influenzae most commonly causes _____
____________.
epiglottitis
A viral infection causing inflammatory obstructive swelling of the subglottic portion of the trachea is:
croup
Accumulation of blood in pleural cavity
Hemothorax
A necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing purulent (puslike) material
Lung Abcess
Spread of disease to another organ or tissue in the body.
Metastasis
Accumulation of fluid in pleural space
Pleural effusion
A lung inflammation caused by bacteria or viruses is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Pneumonia
Air in pleural cavity
Pneumothorax
an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular pulmonary tissues(interstitial spaces)
Pulmonary edema
a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs.
Pulmonary emboli
Death of one or more segments of lung due to lack of blood supply.
Pulmonary infarction
- Throughout both lungs
* Early focal infiltrates progressing to generalized patchy interstitial infiltrates
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
SARS
- Affects Paranasal sinuses; maxillary most common
- radiograph—mucosal thickening and fluid levels on sinus
- CT—demonstrates sinonasal anatomy and fluid levels on coronal imaging
Sinusitis
