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CAMRT - Radiology Exam Prep > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Avulsion Fractures

A

Avulsion fractures are generally small fragments torn from bony prominences; they are usually the
result of indirectly applied tension forces within attached ligaments and tendons rather than direct blows.

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2
Q

Bennet’s fractures

A

A Bennett fracture is a fracture of the base of the thumb resulting from forced abduction of the first metacarpal.

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3
Q

Bimalleolar

A
  • A bimalleolar fracture is one involving both the medial and the lateral malleoli.
  • Because of the mechanism of injury, the fracture on one side is transverse, whereas the fracture on the other side is oblique or spiral.
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4
Q

Blow-out fracture

A

A blowout fracture is caused by a direct blow to the
front of the orbit that causes a rapid increase in intra-orbital
pressure.

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5
Q

Boxer’s fracture

A

A boxer’s fracture is a transverse fracture of the neck of
the fifth metacarpal with volar (palmar) angulation of the
distal fragment. This injury is typically the
result of a blow struck with the fist.

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6
Q

Closed fracture

A

In closed fractures, the overlying skin is intact; if

the overlying skin is disrupted, the fracture is open, or compound.

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7
Q

Colle’s Fracture

A

Colles’ fracture is a transverse fracture through the distal
radius with dorsal (posterior) angulation and often overriding of the distal fracture fragment. In more than half the cases, there is an associated avulsion fractureof the ulnar styloid process. Colles’ fracture is usually caused by a fall on the outstretched hand and is the most common fracture of the wrist.

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8
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Fractures with more than 2 fragments.

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9
Q

Complete fracture

A

Discontinuity between two or more fragments.

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10
Q

Compound fracture

A

Overlying skin is disrupted with tissue destruction(also called open fracture).

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11
Q

Compression Fracture

A
  • A compression fracture results from a compression force
    that causes compaction of bone trabeculae and results in
    decreased length or width of a portion of a bone.
  • Compression fractures most commonly occur in the vertebral body as a result of flexion of the spine; they may also be seen as impacted fractures of the humeral or femoral heads.
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12
Q

Contrecoup fracture

A

A fracture of the cranial vault occurring at a site approximately opposite the point of impact.

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13
Q

Depressed fractures

A

Portions of the fracture fragments driven inward, such as the skull or tibial plateau. Star like fractures.

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14
Q

Fractures with bone fragments out of alignment.

A

Displaced fractures

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15
Q

Greenstick fracture

A
  • A greenstick fracture is an incomplete fracture with the
    opposite cortex intact.
  • Greenstick fractures are found almost exclusively in infants and children because of the softness of their cancellous bone.
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16
Q

Hangman’s fracture

A
  • The hangman’s fracture is the result of acute hyperextension of the head on the neck. It appears as a fracture of the arch of C2 anterior to the inferior facet and is usually associated with anterior subluxation of C2 on C3.
  • Although originally described in patients who had been
    hanged, this injury is now far more commonly the result of
    motor vehicle collisions
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17
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

Impacted fracture is a type of fracture in which one of the broken fragments of the bone wedges into another.

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18
Q

A fracture that causes only partial discontinuity, with a portion of the cortex remaining intact.

A

Incomplete fracture

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19
Q

Intertrochanteric Fracture

A

Intertrochanteric Fractures are common extracapsular fractures of the proximal femur at the level of the greater and lesser trochanter that are most commonly seen following ground-level falls in the elderly population.

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20
Q

Linear fracture

A

the break is parallel to the bone’s long axis

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21
Q

Longitudinal fracture

A

Longitudinal fractures are fractures that occur along (or nearly along) the axis of the bone.

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22
Q

March Fracture

A

March fracture, is the fracture of the distal third of one of the metatarsals occurring because of recurrent stress.

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23
Q

Monteggia Fracture

A

A Monteggia fracture (Figure 4-106) is an isolated fracture of the shaft of the ulna associated with anterior dislocation of the radius at the elbow.

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24
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

An oblique fracture runs a course of approximately 45 degrees to the long axis of the bone and is caused by angulation or by both angulation and compression forces.

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25
Q

Open Fractures

A

Overlying skin is disrupted.

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26
Q

Pathological Fracture

A
  • A pathologic fracture occurs when a bone breaks in an area that was already weakened by another disease.
  • Causes of weakened bone include osteoporosis, tumors, infection, and certain inherited bone disorders.
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27
Q

Salter-Harris fracture

A

A Salter-Harris fracture is an injury to the growth plate area of a child’s bone.

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28
Q

Smith’s fracture

A

A smith fracture is a fracture of the distal radius.

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29
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

A spiral fracture encircles the shaft, is generally longer than an oblique fracture, and is caused by torsional forces.

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30
Q

Supracondylar fracture

A

A supracondylar fracture is an injury to the humerus, or upper arm bone, at its narrowest point, just above the elbow.

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31
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

A transverse fracture runs at a right angle to the long axis of
a bone and most commonly results from a direct blow or is
a fracture within pathologic bone.

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32
Q

Trimalleolar fracture

A

Trimalleolar fractures involve the posterior lip of the tibia in addition to the medial and lateral malleoli and usually represent fracture–dislocations.

33
Q

Undisplaced Fractures

A

Fracture without angulation or separation.

34
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the small bones in your spine (vertebrae) to fuse. This fusing makes the spine less flexible and can result in a hunched-forward posture. If ribs are affected, it can be difficult to breathe deeply.

35
Q

Aseptic necrosis

A
  • Cystic and sclerotic degeneration due to injury, not infection.
  • Caused by poor blood supply to an area of bone, leading to localized bone death.
36
Q

Cystic bone lesion

A

round osteolytic destructions of the bone structure that appear either as a independent skeletal entity or as a particular symptom of a multitude of focal or systemic diseases of the hand skeleton.

37
Q

Developmental hip dysplasia

A

Congenital hip dysplasia, also known as developmental hip
dysplasia, results from incomplete acetabulum formation
caused by physiologic and mechanical factors.

38
Q

Gout

A

Gout is a disorder in the metabolism of purine (a component
of nucleic acids) in which an increase in the blood level of
uric acid leads to the deposition of uric acid crystals in the
joints, cartilage, and kidney.

39
Q

Joint effusion

A

Joint effusion (a swollen joint) happens when extra fluids flood the tissues around your joint.

40
Q

Kyphosis

A

Anterior convexity in the curvature
of the thoracic spine, sacrum, and coccyx, as
viewed from the side.

41
Q

Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease ( LCPD) is a childhood hip disorder initiated by a disruption of blood flow to the head of the femur.

A

Legge-Calve-Perthe’s disease

42
Q

Anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine, as viewed from the side.

A

Lordosis

42
Q

Anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine, as viewed from the side.

A

Lordosis

43
Q

Occurs when cancer cells break away from the original tumor and spread to the bones, where they begin to multiply.

A

Metastatic bone lesions

44
Q
  • a disseminated (widespread) malignancy of plasma cells that may be associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure, hypercalcemia, renal failure, and recurrent infections.
  • Occurs at intramedullary canal of the diaphysis
A

Multiple myeloma

45
Q

a condition that causes pain and swelling below the knee joint, where the patellar tendon attaches to the top of the shinbone (tibia), a spot called the tibial tuberosity. There may also be inflammation of the patellar tendon, which stretches over the kneecap.

A

Osgood Schlatter’s disease

46
Q
  • This condition suffers repeated fractures caused by the severe osteoporosis and the thin, defective cortices.
  • Pathologic fracture, very thin cortical density
A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

47
Q

Narrowing of the joint space, caused by thinning of the articular cartilage, and development of small bony spurs (osteophytes) along the margins of the articular edges of the bones.

A

Osteoarthritis

48
Q

bacterial, or fungal, infection of the bone.

A

Osteomyelitis

49
Q
  • Loss of bone mass in entire skeleton(accelerated bone resorption)
  • Cortical thinning appears as a relatively
    dense and prominent thin line
A

Osteoporosis

50
Q

Benign projection of bone with a cartilaginous cap that arises in childhood or the teen years, especially about the knee.

A

Osteosarcoma

51
Q

Destruction of bone, followed by a reparative process, results in weakened, deformed, and thickened bony structures that tend to fracture easily.

A

Paget’s disease

52
Q

• Periarticular soft tissue swelling
• Symmetric joint destruction and deformity
- synovial inflammation (soft tissue mass) causes narrowing of atlantoaxial articulation.

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

53
Q

Lateral curvature of any of the spine.

A

Scoliosis

54
Q
  • A posterior defect of the spinal canal, resulting from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly.
  • associated with large bony defects, absence of the laminae, and increased interpedicular distance
A

Spina Bifida

55
Q

Defect in par interarticularis with displacement.

A

Spondylolisthesis

56
Q

Defect in par interarticularis without displacement.

A

Spondylolysis

57
Q

degenerative changes in the spine such as bone spurs and degenerating intervertebral discs between the vertebrae

A

Spondylosis

58
Q

Partial dislocation of joint

A

Subluxation

59
Q

Causing collapse of part or all lung

A

Atelectasis

60
Q

Permanent dilation of one or more large bronchi.

A

Bronchiectasis

61
Q

Excessive tracheobronchial mucus production, leading to the obstruction of small airways.

A

Bronchitis

62
Q

Irregular thickening of linear markings throughout lung.
Hyperinflation
CT demonstrates structural lung damage and disease progression
Affects bronchi

A

Cystic fibrosis

63
Q

Flattening of the domes of the diaphragm, increased
AP diameter of the chest, and increased lucency of the
retrosternal air space a

A

Emphysema

64
Q

Pus in the pleural space is called _________________.

A

Empyema

65
Q

Haemophilus influenzae most commonly causes _____

____________.

A

epiglottitis

66
Q

A viral infection causing inflammatory obstructive swelling of the subglottic portion of the trachea is:

A

croup

67
Q

Accumulation of blood in pleural cavity

A

Hemothorax

68
Q 
A necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma
containing purulent (puslike) material
A

Lung Abcess

69
Q

Spread of disease to another organ or tissue in the body.

A

Metastasis

70
Q

Accumulation of fluid in pleural space

A

Pleural effusion

71
Q 
A lung inflammation caused by bacteria or viruses is
called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Pneumonia

72
Q

Air in pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

73
Q

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular pulmonary tissues(interstitial spaces)

A

Pulmonary edema

74
Q

a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs.

A

Pulmonary emboli

75
Q

Death of one or more segments of lung due to lack of blood supply.

A

Pulmonary infarction

76
Q
  • Throughout both lungs

* Early focal infiltrates progressing to generalized patchy interstitial infiltrates

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

SARS

77
Q
  • Affects Paranasal sinuses; maxillary most common
  • radiograph—mucosal thickening and fluid levels on sinus
  • CT—demonstrates sinonasal anatomy and fluid levels on coronal imaging
A

Sinusitis

CAMRT - Radiology Exam Prep (4 decks)

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