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USMLE RESPIRATORY > PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Explain the flow volume loops of obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases.
6

A
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2
Q

What is the FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC in restrictive lung disease?

A
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3
Q

Causes of restrictive lung disease

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4
Q

Caracteristics of poor breathing mechanics:
A-a gradient and causes:

A
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5
Q
A

Honeycomb lung appearance. Characteristic of interstitial lung disease.

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6
Q

What is DLCO? What causes a normal and low DLCO? What is normal?

A

70 a 140% and severe disease is les 40%

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7
Q

What are causes of restrictive pulmonary disease?

A
  1. Poor breathing tecnica
  2. Interstitial pulmonary disease
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8
Q

Name the Pneumoconiosis. Pulmonary pathology. Complications

A
  1. Coal dust lungs. Upper lungs
  2. Asbestosis: Lower lobes. Shipbuilding, roofing, plumbing. Pleural plaques and lung cancers
  3. Silicosis: Upper lobes. Silica Quartz, metal production facilities. TB and bronchogenic carcinoma. EGGSHELL CALCIFICATION OF LYMPH NODES
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9
Q

Name the two cancers associated with asbestosis

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10
Q

Talk about hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Causes and type of hypersensitivity

A
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11
Q

Natural history of lobar pneumonia. Phase, days and cells.

A
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12
Q

Types of pneumonia and etiologic agent.

A
  1. Lobar: S. Pneumonie
  2. Bronchopneumonitis: S. Aures
  3. Interstitial: Viruses and Atypical bacteria
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13
Q
A
  1. Lobar: S. Pneumonie
  2. Bronchopneumonitis: S. Aures
  3. Interstitial: Viruses and Atypical bacteria
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14
Q

Name the common causes of pneumonia per age.

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15
Q

Name the etiology per special group for pneumonia

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16
Q

Explain the physiopathology of ARDS?

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17
Q

Triggers for ARDS?

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18
Q

Legionella symptoms of pneumonia.

A
  1. Mild Pneumonia
  2. GI symptoms
  3. Hyponatremia
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19
Q

Special bug mycoplasma pneumonia caracteristics:

A
  • Has no wall it cannot be stain.
  • Military recruits and residents dorms
  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  • Steven johnson syndrome
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20
Q

First word that comes in mind with influenza virus:

A

SECUNDARY PNEUMONIA

S. Pneumonia, H. Influenzae

Worsening of symptoms after initial improvement.

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21
Q

Owl eye intranuclear inclusions is from …………………

A

citomegalovirus

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22
Q

Characteristics of Syncytial respiratory virus.

A
  • Common cause of bronquilitis, pneumonia in kids
  • Stational from november to april
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23
Q

Who is the terrible etiology in pneumonia?

A
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24
Q

Talk about Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia:

A
  1. Immunocompromised
  2. It cannot be stain
  3. Special: Silver
  4. 1st line Treatment: TMP SMX
  5. Prophylaxis: Less than 200 cells CDA
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25
Q

Types of pneumothorax:

A
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26
Q

Treatment of pneumothorax: And why?

A

Air space filled, remembering air is oxyegn and nitrogen. If you administer 100% oxygen the capillaries will absorb more nitrogen because of the gradient.

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27
Q

Types of pleural effusion, causes.

A

Transudative: Low oncotic pressure, high hydrostatic pressure. Hearth failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome.

Exudative: Damage to the capillaries. Pneumonia or malignancy.

Lymphatic: Injury to the thoracic duct. Malignancy, trauma cx. Milky appearance. high levels of trigliceridos.

28
Q

How to differentiate a transudative from a exudative effusion:

A
29
Q

What is mesothelioma, risk factor

A
30
Q

Causes of Chayne Stoke respirations:

A

Hearth failure and stroke

31
Q

………………….. Protein abnormal in cystic fibrosis

A

CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator

32
Q

What is the CFTF? What type pf transporter is? Where can we find it? What does it does in each site?

A
33
Q

……………… The common mutation in CF

A

DELTA F508

34
Q

What does it really means that their is a mutation in CFTR?

A
  • Abnormal protein folding
  • Prevents protein trafficking ro correct site
35
Q

What features I find in CF

?

A

Chronic pancreatitis

Diabetes mellitus asociated chronic pancreatitis

Biliary disease

95% infertile. absent vas deferent

36
Q

…………………….. most common pathogen in CF

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

37
Q

……………………. diagnosis of CF

A

Sweat chloride test.

High chloride level

38
Q

Treatment of CF

A
39
Q

……………………….. is the responsable for M. tuberculosis for not stain

A

Mycolic Acid in the cell wall

40
Q

Name the virulence factors of mycobacterium tuberculosis

A
41
Q

Tuberculosis is a ……………………………. hypersensibility reaction.

A

Type 4 cell mediated reaction.

Activates Th1 …..CD4…..T cells

42
Q

Granulomas Inflammation can be ………………. such as TB or ………………… such as sarcoidosis,

A

TB: Caseating granulomas

Sarcoidosis: Non caseating granulomas

43
Q
A

Langhans giangt cell. TB granuloma

HORSE SHOE!!

44
Q
A

Hilar lymphadenopathy. Primary TB

45
Q

What is the ghon foci, where is located and what stage of TB we can find it? What is the ghon complex?

A
46
Q

What is PPD? What and when is it measure? When is it positive?

A

PURIFIED PROTEIN DERIVATED

INDURATION NOT REDNESS

47
Q

Causes of false negative in PPD test

A
48
Q

Mechanism of action of the TB drugs

A
49
Q

Adverse effects of isoniazid and its mechanism of resistance

A
50
Q

Why isoniazid gives neurotoxicity?

A

It competes with B6 as a cofactor in the synthesis of neurotransmitters

51
Q
A

Non caseating granuloma.

52
Q

………………………………. key players in sarcoidosis.

A

CD4, IL-2 e IFN y

53
Q

What systems are affected in sarcoidosis. (5)

A
  1. Lungs:
  2. Skin: Erythema nudosum
  3. Eye: Uveitis
  4. Heart: Block electrical signals or pericarditis
  5. SNC: Bell palsy or neurosarcoid
54
Q

2 cute characteristics of sarcoidosis

A
55
Q

Treatment for sarcoidosis

A
56
Q

Causes of hypercoagulability?

A
57
Q

Causes of hypercoagulability?

A
  1. Contraceptive use
  2. Factor V leiden
58
Q

Name the more common sites where emboli arise:

A
  1. Iliac veins
  2. Femoral
  3. Popliteal veins
59
Q

…………………………… imaging test of choice for deep vein trombosis

A

Doppler compression ultrasound

60
Q

…………………… imaging test of choise in PE

A

CT angiography

61
Q

What is the air emboli and causes?

A

Nitrogen bubbles precipitate in ascending divers, treat with hyperbaric O2.

62
Q
A

Pulmonary embolism

63
Q

………………………. calf pain with dorsiflexion of foot.

A

homans sign

64
Q
A

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

65
Q
A
66
Q

What is the fat embolism syndrome

A
  1. Resperatory
  2. Neurologic
  3. Petechiae

USMLE RESPIRATORY (7 decks)

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