Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal > Pathology 1 > Flashcards

Pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Is glomerulonepritis or pyelonephritis infective?

A

Pyelonephritis - bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Group of renal conditions that are usually characterised by inflammation either of the glomeruli or small blood vessels in the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Bacterial infection of the renal eliv, calyces. tubules and interstitium
Acute or chronic (more common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common infecting organism of pyelonephritis?

A

E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What other organisms can cause pyelonephritis?

A

Pseudomonas

Strep. Faecalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give the risk factors for pyelonephritis?

A 
Female 
Pregancy - ureteric dilation 
Imstrumentation or surgery 
urinary tract obstruction 
Vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR) 
Diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can cause urinary tract obstruction?

A 
Calculus 
Stricture 
Neoplasm 
Congenital anomaly - duplex systems, posterior urethral valves 
Prostatic disease (BPH)
Uretheral pathology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR)?

A

Incompetence of uretero-vsical valves - ureter enters bladder more perpendicularly
congenital or acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can conribute to chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Hypertensio

Uraemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Do patients with chronic pyelonephritis produce large volumes of urine?

A

Yes - can’t concentrate urine as nephrons don’t work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the spread of TB to cause tuberculus pyelonephritis?

A

Haematogenous spread usually from the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What oraganisms can cause cystitis?

A

E. coli
Klebseilla
Proteus
Pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Lower urinary tract infection

acute inflammation but can become necrotizing if associated with outlet obtruction (prostatic disease in males)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What organism causes Schistosomiasis?

A

S. Haematobium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does chronic Schistosomiasis predispose a pateint to?

A

Urothelial maligancy - esp. squamous carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Water inside the kidney

urine back pressure into the calyces compresses the nephrons within the medullary pyramids leading to renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the main causes of hydronephrosis?

A

Urinary tract obstruction and reflux

18
Q

Which muscle is associated with bladder hypertrophy?

A

detrusor muscle

19
Q

What is the Nephrotic syndrome?

A

Proteinuria >3g per day
Hypoalbuminaemia
Oedema

20
Q

What is the Nephritic sydrome?

A 
Acute Kidney injury 
Oliguria 
Oedema/ fluid retention 
Hypertension 
Active urinary sediment
21
Q

What is Stage 1 CKD?

A

GFR >90ml/min with evidence of kidney damage

22
Q

What is Stage 2 CKD?

A

GFR > 60-90ml/min with evidence of kidney damage

23
Q

Stage 3 CKD.

A

GFR 30-60ml/min

24
Q

How is stage 3 CKD broken down?

A

3A - 45-60ml/min

3B - 30-44ml/min

25
Q

Stage 4 CKD

A

GFR 15-30ml/min

26
Q

Stage 5 CKD

A

GFR <15ml/min

27
Q

What can cause CKD?

A 
DM 
Vascular disease 
HTN 
Rflux nephropathy 
Chronic GN 
PKD 
Unknown cause
28
Q

Paients with CKD often present late. What symptoms do they tend to present with?

A 
Tiredness 
Poor appetite 
Itch 
Sleep disturbance 
If nocturia pt may resent earlier
29
Q

What 2 drug classes are used to control BP and proteinuria in CKD?

A

ACEinhibitor

ARB

30
Q

If using ACEi for CKD what should be noted and what should be monitored?

A

Initial fall in GFR

Hyperkalaemia - monitor

31
Q

Apart from managing BP and proteinuria, what other management options are available for CKD?

A

Good glycaemic control
Stop smoking
reduce CV risk
Identify and treat complications of CKD

32
Q

What are the complications of CKD?

A

Anaemia
Renal bone disease
Hyperparathyroidism

33
Q

What else could be anaemia in CKD apart from reduced EPO production?

A

Iron deficiency

34
Q

What other deficiences should be checked for in a CKD patient with the complication of anaemia?

A

Vit B12

Folate

35
Q

Waht is the target haemoglobin for a patient with CKD and anaemia?

A

10.5-12.5g/dl

36
Q

What mechanism leads to rena bone disease in CKD?

A

Reduced Vit D hydroxylation in the kidney whihc leads ot reduced calcium absorption which causes secondary hyperparathyroidism

37
Q

In advanced CKD, what other mechanism leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Serum phosphate rises which increases PTH secretion (2y hyperparathyroidism)

38
Q

What are the treatment options for renal bone disease?

A

Alfaccalcidol - hydroxylated Vit D
Phosphate intake - dietary advice
Phosphate binders - taken with meals to decrease gut absorption

39
Q

At what stage is dialysis considered in CKD?

A

GFR ~20ml/min (deffos when <15ml/min)

Earlier if disease is progressing fast

40
Q

What are the indications for dialysis?

A

A - Acidosis - acute setting
E - Electrolyte abnormalities (hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia, hyperalcaemia)
I - Intoxicants (methanol, lithium, salicism)
O - Overload
U - Uraemia

Renal (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions