Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What is muscle strain?

A

Over-stretching of muscle fibrils or the tendon.

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2
Q

What is a muscle tear?

A

the muscles tears and is no longer whole.

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3
Q

What are the treatments of muscle strain and tear?

A

RICE, herbal medicine, acupuncture, nutritional support (anti-inflammatory and tissue repair). If torn, avoid heat, exercise and massage

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4
Q

What is impingement syndrome?

A

Sub-acromial space (space between humeral heat and the roof of the shoulder) has a bursae and rotator cuff tendons (they connect humerus and scapula). When the tendons or bursar become inflamed or torn this causes impingement syndrome.

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5
Q

What are the causes of impingement syndrome?

A

Overuse, increasing age, positional fault (head of humerus does not sit properly), bone spurs, oddly sizes acromion causing reduce space.

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6
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of impingement syndrome?

A

shoulder ache, pain when abducting the shoulder or rotating, painful arc, weakness and inability to raise the arm

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7
Q

What is the treatment of impingement syndrome?

A

manual therapy, exercise, cortisone injection, anti-inflammatory, surgery, herbal medicine, acupuncture, homeopathy, nutritional support (anti-inflammatory)

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8
Q

What is fibromyalgia?

A

Wide spread muscular and connective tissue pain, joint stiffness and fatigue. Neurological basis - abnormalities in pain processing by CNS. Very little finding on physical examination.

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9
Q

What are the causes of fibromyalgia?

A

Stress/trauma, more common in women (15:1), sleep dysregulation, toxic load, serotonin and noradrenaline deficiencies, high levels of substance P causes nerves more sensitive to pain

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10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of fibromyalgia?

A

Pain that results from gentle pressure at specific tender spots, sleep disturbance, difficulty swallowing, bowel and bladder probe, IBS, anxiety, depression

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11
Q

What are the treatments of fibromyalgia?

A

Medications (anti-depressants for symtoms), exercise, counselling, acupuncture, herbal medicine, homeopathy, nutritional (nerve and muscular function, anti-inflammatory)

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12
Q

What are muscular dystrophies?

A

A group of diseases that are inherited muscular disease that cause degeneration and muscle weakness.

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13
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

Autoimmune disease causes by muscle fatigue and weakness.

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14
Q

What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?

A

antibodies block ACh receptors on motor end plate preventing nerve impulse to be sent to muscle fibres causes muscle weakness. More common in women.

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15
Q

What is the sign and symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

A

weakness of ocular muscles, double vision, ptosis (dropping of upper eye lid), weakness in facial muscles, speech, chewing and swallowing difficulties, death from respirator muscles failing.

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16
Q

What is the treatment of myasthenia gravis?

A

ACh-ase inhibitors, corticosteroids, plasma exchange, herbal medicine, acupuncture, homeopathy, nutritional (calcium and magnesium)

17
Q

What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

A

Single gene defect on X-chromosome, affects males and females carry. They lack a protein called dystrophin which anchors cytoskeleton to extracellular matrix. If no dystrophin then when cell contracts there is no support so this cause a leaky cell membrane. This causes muscle degeneration and necrosis.

18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

delayed walking, waddling gait, clamminess, limb weakness, speech delay, Gowers sign

19
Q

What treatments are for duchenee muscular dystrophy/

A

Poor prognosis and cardio-respiratory failure in late 20s. Support with walking, managing scoliosis, nutrition and weight management.