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Reproductive System > Pathologies > Flashcards

Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

age of first period

A

menarche

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2
Q

mid-cycle bleeding (between cycles)

A

metorrhagia

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3
Q

heavy bleeding

A

menorrhagia

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4
Q

absence of periods

A

amenorrhoea

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5
Q

painful periods

A

dysmenorrhoea

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6
Q

short cycle/frequent periods

A

polymenorrhea

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7
Q

infrequent periods - long cycles

A

oligomenorrhea

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8
Q

lactating but not pregnant

A

galactorrhoea

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9
Q

pain on intercourse female

A

dyspareunia

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10
Q

no sperm in ejaculate

A

oligospermia

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11
Q

secondary male sexual traits in female - e.g. hirsuitism

A

virilisation

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12
Q

enlarged breast tissue is a male

A

gynaecomastia

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13
Q

what was previously known as premenstrual/stress

A

premenstrual syndrome

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14
Q

main cause of PMS

A

hormone imbalance - too little progesterone (in relation to oestrogen) at luteal phase of cycle - so too much oestrogen

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15
Q

PMS also sometimes linked to increased production of

A

prostaglandins

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16
Q

sometimes excessive ____ linked to PMS

A

prolactin

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17
Q

meaning of aetiologies

A

causes

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18
Q

what is PID

A

infectious, inflammatory disease of upper female genital tract

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19
Q

organs affected by PID

A

uterus

fallopian tubes & adjacent pelvic structures

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20
Q

causes PID

A

infection - often fallopian tubes/ovaries - ascending bacteria
after gonorrhoea/chlamydia
insertion of IUD

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21
Q 
lower abdominal PAIN - gradual or sudden & severe
may increase with walking
purulent discharge
maybe dysuria
fever nausea vomiting
A

PID

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22
Q

complications PID

A

peritonitis,
death by septic shock
abcesses
infertlity

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23
Q

define endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue formed/found OUTSIDE UTERUS - ectopic endometrium

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24
Q

where does endometriosis affect

A

commonly ovaries, uterosacral ligaments or colon

can affect lungs/joints

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25
Q 
sometimes asymptomatic
pain menstruating
dyspareunia
sometimes mid-cycle bleeding/heavy bleeding
infertiity
A

endometriosis

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26
Q

cause endometriosis

A

idiopathic

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27
Q

complications endometriosis

A

can lead to fibrous tissue/adhesions/obstructions

affect fertility

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28
Q

what lifestyle factor can cause low progesterone

A

stress!

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29
Q

leiomyoma known as

A

utrine fibroids

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30
Q

definition fibroids

A

benign tumours of myometrium of uterus due to oestrogen dominance

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31
Q

when do you get fibroids

A

common in reproductive years

shrink post menopause

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32
Q

cause fibroids

A

idiopathic

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33
Q

often asymptomatic

may cause - abnormal bleeding, frequent urination, constipation, heavy sensation in lower abdomen, difficulty conceiving

A

fibroids

34
Q

allopathic treatment fibroids

A

hormones

surgery

35
Q

define ovarian cysts

A

multiple cysts in ovary

36
Q

causes ovarian cysts

A

usually hormone imbalances

37
Q

diagnosis ovarian cysts

A

ultrasound

laparoscopy

38
Q

complications ovarian cysts

A

bleeding

peritoneal inflammation

39
Q

discomfort/pain in lower abdomen
urinary retention
menstrual irregularities

A

ovarian cysts

40
Q

allopathic treatment ovarian cysts

A

surgery

41
Q

define polycystic ovaries

A

presence of many cysts within ovaries

42
Q

2 criteria for polycystic ovaries (at least 1 must be present to diagnose)

A

12 or more follicles 2-9mm in diameter

increased ovarian volume 10 cubic cm min

43
Q

what is polycystic ovary syndrome

A

group of symptoms ass with polycystic ovaries, plus 5 hormonal/metabolic abnormalities

44
Q

do you have to have polycystic ovaries to have polycystic ovary syndrome

A

NO!

45
Q

5 hormone/metabolic abnormalities of PCOS

A 
Menstrual dysfunction
ovulatory dysfunction
oligoovulation/anovulation
hyperandrogenism
metabolic disturbances eg hyperinsulinaemia
46
Q

hyperandrogenism

A

high testosterone

47
Q

oligoovulation

A

infrequent/irregular ovulation

48
Q

anovulation

A

no ovulation

49
Q

3 possible causes of PCOS

A

genetic
insulin resistance/diabetes
prenatal androgen excess

50
Q

PCOS can result from an imbalance between which 2 hormones

A

LH:FSH

51
Q

PCOS - multiple follicles on ovary causes what particular look

A

pearl necklace

52
Q

acanthosis

A

dark patch at back of neck

53
Q 
cysts on ovaries
amenorrhoea
oligomenorrhoea
anovulation
infertility
weight gain (middle paretic)
high oestrogen
high testosterone
impaired glucose tolerance
oily skin/acne
hirsutism
acanthosis
A

PCOS

54
Q

3 diagnostic criteria that MUST be present to diagnose PCOS

A

1) Oligo/anovulation AND/OR polycystic ovaries
2) Clinical/biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism/excess androgen activity
3) exclusion of other causes of hormonal/metabolic dysfunction

55
Q

3 other causes of hormonal/metabolic dysfunction that could be confused with PCOS

A

congeital adrenal hyperplasia
androgen secreting tumours
cushings syndrome

56
Q

which 4 tests will GPs perform to diagnose PCOS

A

1) blood test
2) laparoscopy
3) ultrasound
4) clinical presentation

57
Q

5 factors in blood test that would indicate PCOS

A

1 increased androgens
2 low sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
3 high LH:FSH ratio
4 high oestradiol & prolactin
5 high insulin & blood glucose levels

58
Q

Oral contraceptive pill with anti-androgen
insulin resistance traetment- metformin
selective oestrogen receptor modulator
ovulation stimulation treatment for

A

PCOS (allopathic)

59
Q

ectopic pregnancy also known as

A

tubal pregnancy

60
Q

where does ectopic pregnancy occur

A

outside womb

most commonly fallopian tube but anywhere in the region

61
Q

sudden acute abdominal pain on rupture of a fertilised ovum growing in fallopian tubes 6 - 8 weeks after ovulation

A

ectopic pregnancy

62
Q

complications ectopic pregnancy

A

haemorrhage

peritonitis

63
Q

non-specific inflammation of penis

A

balanitis

64
Q

orifice of foreskin too small to allow retraction

A

phismosis

65
Q

causes balanitis

A

phismosis

lack of hygeine

66
Q

complications balanitis

A

recurring - fibrosis of foreskin

67
Q

most common none-specific type of infection of male repro system

A

urethritis

68
Q

complicatiosn urethritis

A

spread up -
prostate
seminal vesicles
epididymis/testes

69
Q

infection of epididymis, usually caused by gonorrhoea

A

epididymitis

70
Q

inflammation of testes, often caused by mumps virus

A

orchitis

71
Q

what is testicular torsion

A

rotation (twisting) of spermatic cord

72
Q

what is hydrocele

A

accumulation of peritoneal fluid in scrotum

73
Q

most common cancer in young men aged 15-35

A

testicular cancer

74
Q

hyper-proliferation of prostate tissue leading to compression of urethra

A

benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)

v common in older men

75
Q

obstructed urinary flow
difficulty passing urine
dribbling
nocturnal urinating

A

benign prostste hyperplasia

76
Q

4 diagnostic tests for benign prostate hyperplasia

A

rectal exam
blood test
ultrasound
clinical presentation

77
Q

allopathic treatment benign prostate hyperplasia

A

hormone-modifying drugs

surgery when obstruction severe

78
Q

most common cancer in older men (50+)

A

prostate cancer

79
Q

is prostate cancer easy to detaect

A

no - few s&s

80
Q

prostate cancer aggressive?

A

can often be v slow

Reproductive System (2 decks)

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