Pathologies Flashcards
age of first period
menarche
mid-cycle bleeding (between cycles)
metorrhagia
heavy bleeding
menorrhagia
absence of periods
amenorrhoea
painful periods
dysmenorrhoea
short cycle/frequent periods
polymenorrhea
infrequent periods - long cycles
oligomenorrhea
lactating but not pregnant
galactorrhoea
pain on intercourse female
dyspareunia
no sperm in ejaculate
oligospermia
secondary male sexual traits in female - e.g. hirsuitism
virilisation
enlarged breast tissue is a male
gynaecomastia
what was previously known as premenstrual/stress
premenstrual syndrome
main cause of PMS
hormone imbalance - too little progesterone (in relation to oestrogen) at luteal phase of cycle - so too much oestrogen
PMS also sometimes linked to increased production of
prostaglandins
sometimes excessive ____ linked to PMS
prolactin
meaning of aetiologies
causes
what is PID
infectious, inflammatory disease of upper female genital tract
organs affected by PID
uterus
fallopian tubes & adjacent pelvic structures
causes PID
infection - often fallopian tubes/ovaries - ascending bacteria
after gonorrhoea/chlamydia
insertion of IUD
lower abdominal PAIN - gradual or sudden & severe may increase with walking purulent discharge maybe dysuria fever nausea vomiting
PID
complications PID
peritonitis,
death by septic shock
abcesses
infertlity
define endometriosis
endometrial tissue formed/found OUTSIDE UTERUS - ectopic endometrium
where does endometriosis affect
commonly ovaries, uterosacral ligaments or colon
can affect lungs/joints
sometimes asymptomatic pain menstruating dyspareunia sometimes mid-cycle bleeding/heavy bleeding infertiity
endometriosis
cause endometriosis
idiopathic
complications endometriosis
can lead to fibrous tissue/adhesions/obstructions
affect fertility
what lifestyle factor can cause low progesterone
stress!
leiomyoma known as
utrine fibroids
definition fibroids
benign tumours of myometrium of uterus due to oestrogen dominance
when do you get fibroids
common in reproductive years
shrink post menopause
cause fibroids
idiopathic
often asymptomatic
may cause - abnormal bleeding, frequent urination, constipation, heavy sensation in lower abdomen, difficulty conceiving
fibroids
allopathic treatment fibroids
hormones
surgery
define ovarian cysts
multiple cysts in ovary
causes ovarian cysts
usually hormone imbalances
diagnosis ovarian cysts
ultrasound
laparoscopy
complications ovarian cysts
bleeding
peritoneal inflammation
discomfort/pain in lower abdomen
urinary retention
menstrual irregularities
ovarian cysts
allopathic treatment ovarian cysts
surgery
define polycystic ovaries
presence of many cysts within ovaries
2 criteria for polycystic ovaries (at least 1 must be present to diagnose)
12 or more follicles 2-9mm in diameter
increased ovarian volume 10 cubic cm min
what is polycystic ovary syndrome
group of symptoms ass with polycystic ovaries, plus 5 hormonal/metabolic abnormalities
do you have to have polycystic ovaries to have polycystic ovary syndrome
NO!
5 hormone/metabolic abnormalities of PCOS
Menstrual dysfunction ovulatory dysfunction oligoovulation/anovulation hyperandrogenism metabolic disturbances eg hyperinsulinaemia
hyperandrogenism
high testosterone
oligoovulation
infrequent/irregular ovulation
anovulation
no ovulation
3 possible causes of PCOS
genetic
insulin resistance/diabetes
prenatal androgen excess
PCOS can result from an imbalance between which 2 hormones
LH:FSH
PCOS - multiple follicles on ovary causes what particular look
pearl necklace
acanthosis
dark patch at back of neck
cysts on ovaries amenorrhoea oligomenorrhoea anovulation infertility weight gain (middle paretic) high oestrogen high testosterone impaired glucose tolerance oily skin/acne hirsutism acanthosis
PCOS
3 diagnostic criteria that MUST be present to diagnose PCOS
1) Oligo/anovulation AND/OR polycystic ovaries
2) Clinical/biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism/excess androgen activity
3) exclusion of other causes of hormonal/metabolic dysfunction
3 other causes of hormonal/metabolic dysfunction that could be confused with PCOS
congeital adrenal hyperplasia
androgen secreting tumours
cushings syndrome
which 4 tests will GPs perform to diagnose PCOS
1) blood test
2) laparoscopy
3) ultrasound
4) clinical presentation
5 factors in blood test that would indicate PCOS
1 increased androgens
2 low sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
3 high LH:FSH ratio
4 high oestradiol & prolactin
5 high insulin & blood glucose levels
Oral contraceptive pill with anti-androgen
insulin resistance traetment- metformin
selective oestrogen receptor modulator
ovulation stimulation treatment for
PCOS (allopathic)
ectopic pregnancy also known as
tubal pregnancy
where does ectopic pregnancy occur
outside womb
most commonly fallopian tube but anywhere in the region
sudden acute abdominal pain on rupture of a fertilised ovum growing in fallopian tubes 6 - 8 weeks after ovulation
ectopic pregnancy
complications ectopic pregnancy
haemorrhage
peritonitis
non-specific inflammation of penis
balanitis
orifice of foreskin too small to allow retraction
phismosis
causes balanitis
phismosis
lack of hygeine
complications balanitis
recurring - fibrosis of foreskin
most common none-specific type of infection of male repro system
urethritis
complicatiosn urethritis
spread up -
prostate
seminal vesicles
epididymis/testes
infection of epididymis, usually caused by gonorrhoea
epididymitis
inflammation of testes, often caused by mumps virus
orchitis
what is testicular torsion
rotation (twisting) of spermatic cord
what is hydrocele
accumulation of peritoneal fluid in scrotum
most common cancer in young men aged 15-35
testicular cancer
hyper-proliferation of prostate tissue leading to compression of urethra
benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
v common in older men
obstructed urinary flow
difficulty passing urine
dribbling
nocturnal urinating
benign prostste hyperplasia
4 diagnostic tests for benign prostate hyperplasia
rectal exam
blood test
ultrasound
clinical presentation
allopathic treatment benign prostate hyperplasia
hormone-modifying drugs
surgery when obstruction severe
most common cancer in older men (50+)
prostate cancer
is prostate cancer easy to detaect
no - few s&s
prostate cancer aggressive?
can often be v slow
