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Reproductive System > intro > Flashcards

intro Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual reproduction Meiosis/mitosis

A

mitosis - no fertilazation

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2
Q

how many parents asexual reproduction

A

one

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3
Q

sexual reproduction mitosis/meiosis

A

meiosis & fertilazation

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4
Q

gametes haploid/diplod/

A

haploid - 23 chromososmes

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5
Q

somatic cells how many chromosomes

A

46 - diploid

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6
Q

Monozygotic twins are what

A

identical

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7
Q

how many eggs/sperm monozygotic twins

A

one egg, one sperm

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8
Q

identical twins passed on genetically?

A

no

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9
Q

Dizygotic twins are what

A

non-identical

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10
Q

how many eggs/sperm Dizygotic twins

A

two eggs two sperms

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11
Q

genetic predisposition non-identical twins

A

yes

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12
Q

5 functions female reproductive system

A 
formation/release of ova
reception of sperm
environment for fertilisation/foetus
parturition
lactation
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13
Q

parturition

A

childbirth

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14
Q

2 functions male repro system

A

production spermatozoa

transmission spermatozoa

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15
Q

which hormone stimulates milk production

A

prolactin

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16
Q

which hormone stimulates milk production and initiates labour

A

oxytocin

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17
Q

3 layers of uterus

A

perimetrium - outer
myometrium - middle
endometrium - inner, sheds

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18
Q

what is shed producing menstrual flow

A

endometrium

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19
Q

when does embryo become feotus

A

after 8 weeks

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20
Q

which cells does the placenta develop from

A

same sperm/egg cells that form feotus

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21
Q

primary function of placenta

A

transport of 02/nutrients TO foetus
remove waste FROM foetus
* also produces key hormones in pregnancy

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22
Q

do mother/foetal cells cross placenta?

A

NO

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23
Q

what can cross placenta

A 
nutrients
some drugs
antibodies
stress hormones
HIV/rubella
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24
Q

pregnancy lasts how long

A

40 wks approx

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25
Q

how is labour initiated

A

oxytocin stimulates contractions of myometrium

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26
Q

what is placenta praevia

A

placenta attaches to uterine wall close to or covering cervix

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27
Q

utrine/fallopian tubes also called

A

salpinges

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28
Q

what are fallopian tubes lines with

A

ciliated columnar epithelium

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29
Q

what causes egg to travel from ovary to uterus

A

peristalsis

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30
Q

can fertilisation take place in fallopian tubes

A

yes often

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31
Q

ovaries produce

A

female gametes - ova

female sex hormones - oestrogen, progesterone

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32
Q

ova production known as

A

ovogenisis

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33
Q

ovogenisis begins where

A

in female foetus

34
Q

immature ova called

A

primordial follicle

35
Q

which hormone triggers maturation of follicle

36
Q

which hormones triggers ovulation

A

surge of LH

37
Q

after ovulation follicle walls become a structure known as

A

corpus luteum

38
Q

corpus luteum produces two hormones

A

progesterone, oaestrogen

39
Q

Describe follicular phase from Hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin releasing hormone
triggers A Pituitary to release
Follicle Stimulating hormone
Ovarian follicle releases OESTROGEN

40
Q

Luteal phase from Hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin releasing hormone
AP releases Luteinising hormone
corpus luteum releases PROGESTERONE

41
Q

4 phases of menstrual cycle

A

1 menstrual
2 pre-ovulatory
3 ovulation
4 post ovulatory

42
Q

can blood-born pathogens cross the placenta

43
Q

which hormone menstrual phase

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

44
Q

what happens in menstrual phase/timescale

A

endometrium shed - 5 days average

follicles developing in ovaries

45
Q

which hormone pre-ovulatory phase

46
Q

what is oestrogen good for

A

proliferation/growth

47
Q

what happens in pre-ovulatory phase/timescale

A

thickening of endometrium - 8-14 days

follicles mature in ovaries

48
Q

which hormone ovulatory phase

A

luteinising hormone

49
Q

when is ovulatory phase?

A

day 14 - middle of cycle

50
Q

what happens in ovulatory phase

A

egg released!

mature follicle ruptures, egg expelled

51
Q

which hormone post-ovulatory phase

A

progesterone (+oestrogen)

52
Q

how long post ovulatory phase

A

14 days approx

53
Q

what happens in post ovulatory phase

A

endometrium maintained

corpus luteum formed from follicle wall - produces progesterone & some oestrogen

54
Q

how do ovulation tests work

A

detect higher levels of LH

55
Q

what is essential for establishing/maintaining pregnancy until placenta takes over

A

corpus luteum as produces the progesterone

56
Q

fertilized ovum known as

57
Q

effect of follicle stimulating hormone FSH on menstrual cycle

A

develops/matures follicles

58
Q

what is inhibin, what secretes it

A

secreted by follicles in pre-ovulatory phase - decreases FSH

59
Q

effect of oestrogen on menstrual cycle

A

thickens endometrium in pre-ovulatory phase

maintains in post ovulatory phase

60
Q

effect of luteinizing hormone on menstrual cycle

A

stimulated by high oestrogen levels

ruptures follicles - expells egg

61
Q

effect of progesterone on menstrual cycle

A

produced by corpus luteum, maintains endometrium in prep for pregnancy

62
Q

what happens if egg fertilised?

A

zygote embeds in uterine wall

hCG maintains/stimulates corpus luteum to produce more progesterone/oestrogen

63
Q

hCG stands for

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

64
Q

what produces human chronic gonadotropin hormone after a few weeks of fertilzation

A

placenta takes over from embryo

65
Q

what happens to corpus luteum if egg not fertilised

A

after 14 days corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans
progesterone/oestrogen drop
menstruation starts new cycle

66
Q

start of periods

67
Q

what do ovaries become less responsive to during menopause

68
Q

what happens to oestrogen/progesterone production during menopause

A

little is produced

69
Q

Why high FSH/LH levels may indicate menopause

A

because no negative feedback from Oestrogen/progesterone to switch them off

70
Q

symptoms of menopause

A 
hot flushes
decreased libido
breast shrinkage
sparse pubic/axillary hair
vaginal dryness
irritability
mood changes
skin thinning
osteoporosis
increase blood cholesterol
atrophy of vaginal lining
71
Q

3 benefits to HRT

A

reduces menopause symptoms
reduces osteoporosis risk
reduces bowel cancer risk

72
Q

3 risks to HRT

A

increases oestrogen-driven cancers - e.g. breast

increases heart disease/stroke risk

73
Q

penis sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation

A

parasympathetic

74
Q

sperm production known as

A

spermatogenisis

75
Q

spermatogenisis regulated by which hormone

76
Q

which tubules are spermatozoa produced in

A

seminiferous tubules

77
Q

where do spermatozoa mature/are stored

A

epididymis

78
Q

sperm anatomy 3

A

head - nucleus,DNA, egg-pentrating enzymes
body - filled with mitochondria to fuel tail action
tail - to swim

79
Q

which 2 glands produce seminal fluid

A

seminal vesicles

prostate gland

80
Q

how is sperm protected from urethral or vaginal acidity

A

it’s alkaline

81
Q

what secretes alkaline fluid that neutralises urinary cards and lubricates end if penis

A

bulbourethral glands (cowpers glands)

82
Q

which muscles contract in ejaculation

A

epididymis & vas deferens

Reproductive System (2 decks)

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