Pathologic Calcifications & Pigments Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal deposition of calcium salts, along with other minerals, in tissue

A

Pathologic calcification

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2
Q

What is the gross appearance of calcification?

A

Chalky, gritty, white deposits

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3
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of calcification?

A

Granular/basophilic stippling (H&E) or brown/black (von Kossa stain)

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4
Q

What are the two types of pathologic calcification?

A

Dystrophic and metastatic

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5
Q

What can cause DYSTROPHIC mineralization?

A
  • Failure to regulate cellular Ca2+ balance
  • Occurs in necrotic tissue in animals with a normal serum Ca2+ level
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6
Q

White muscle disease (vitamin E/selenium deficiency in ruminants) and granulomas are both types of ___________ mineralization

A

Dystrophic

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7
Q

What can cause METASTATIC mineralization?

A
  • Hypercalcemia (serum Ca2+/phosphate imbalance)
  • Occurs in normal tissue in an animal with hypercalcemia
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8
Q

Chronic kidney disease, primary hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and vitamin D toxicosis are all examples of ____________ mineralization

A

Metastatic

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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease?

A

Phosphate retention leads to abnormal Ca2+/phosphorus ratios, and then secondary hyperparathyroidism

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10
Q

True or False: Renal failure may lead to hypocalcemia normocalcemia, or hypercalcemia - all are possible!

A

True

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11
Q

Chronic kidney disease is characterized by ______/_______ mineralization; occurs in tongue, parietal pleura, pulmonary interstitium, L atrium, kidney, and gastric mucosa

A

Uremia; uremic

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12
Q

What is the cause and pathogenesis of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyroid adenomas; hyper-secretion of PTH by neoplastic chief cells

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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hypercalcemia of malignancy?

A

PTH-rP is produced by tumors (such as lymphoma and anal sac gland carcinoma), and functions similarly to normal PTH

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14
Q

What causes vitamin D toxicosis?

A

Ingestion of certain plants or cholecalciferol-containing rodenticides

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15
Q

Formation of bony tissue at an extra skeletal site; gross appearance of hard spicules or nodules; common incidental finding in lungs of older dogs (osseous metaplasia)

A

Heterotopic ossification

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16
Q

Colored substances found in tissue (can be exogenous or endogenous)

17
Q

Pigments originating outside of the body; examples include carbon dust, tattoos, carotenoids, and tetracycline

A

Exogenous pigments

18
Q

Pigments synthesized within the body; examples include hemosiderin, bilirubin, melanin, and lipofuscin/ceroid

A

Endogenous pigments

19
Q

Where does carbon dust common from, and what does carbon dust tissue damage look like?

A

Pollution exposure; tissues take on a gray-ish pigmentation

20
Q

Creates a yellow/orange pigmentation (often confused with icterus at first glance); apparently harmless aside from discoloration

A

Carotenoid pigment

Example: beta-carotene

21
Q

Antibiotic; counterindicated for young animals due to association with discoloration of the teeth and delayed bone growth and healing

A

Tetracycline

22
Q

Produced by melanocytes (present in skin, hair, and iris) and transferred to keratinocytes; functions include solar protection, UV light absorption/protection, and scavenging free radicals

23
Q

What often causes hyperpigmentation?

A

Inflammatory responses associated with atopic dermatitis

24
Q

What is a condition that causes hypopigmentation?

A

Vitiligo

(Extra note: spots of hypopigmentation may increase as melanocytes are attacked)

25
“Wear and tear pigment”; no deleterious effect on the cells, result of natural lysosomal breakdown of lipids with age; brown/yellow granular pigment
Lipofuscin
26
Pigments derived from RBCs including Hb, hematins, hemosiderin, hematoidin, bilirubin, biliverdin, and porphyrins
Hematogenous pigments
27
Dark blue discoloration of hypoxic tissues as a result of deoxygenated hemoglobin
Cyanosis
28
Bilirubin is a product of the breakdown of ___________.
Hemoglobin
29
A Hb-derived, globular, golden-yellow pigment containing iron; found within MQs at sites of RBC breakdown following hemorrhage
Hemosiderin
30
What stain is best to detect hemosiderosis in tissues?
Prussian blue (Because of the iron!)
31
During breakdown of erythrocytes in a bruise, what colors are associated with Hb, bilirubin, and hemosiderin respectively?
Hb = red Bilirubin = yellow Hemosiderin = brown
32
Brown, amorphous, globular pigment that does not contain iron; notable gross morphology is yellow staining of tissue (typically associated with jaundice/icterus)
Bilirubin
33
What are the 3 types of icterus?
Prehepatic, hepatic, posthepatic
34
Icterus associated with increased unconjugated bilirubin and hemolysis (immune-mediated, infectious, metabolic, trauma, toxins, etc.)
Prehepatic icterus
35
Icterus associated with defective uptake or conjugation of conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin; seen in liver disease or congenital anomalies
Hepatic icterus
36
Icterus associated with increased conjugated bilirubin; seen in bile duct obstruction
Posthepatic icterus
37
What is porphyria?
Deposition of porphyria pigments in tissues (red/pink color)
38
What does a deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III synthase cause in calves, cats, and pigs?
Discoloration of dentin (“pink tooth”) and bone; a condition called congenital erythropoietin porphyria