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General Pathology > Irreversible Cell Injury & Cell Death > Flashcards

Irreversible Cell Injury & Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

Severe and persistent cell injury, severe cell membrane dysfunction and mitochondrial damage, increased intracellular Ca levels, “the point of no return”

A

Irreversible cell injury

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2
Q

Cell death can be divided into two categories, they are…

A

Necrosis and apoptosis

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3
Q

Physiologic cell death or programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

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4
Q

Pathologic cell death

A

Necrosis

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5
Q

Necrosis characterized by cell swelling to the point of membrane rupture

A

Oncotic necrosis

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6
Q

Name the category of oncotic necrosis morphology:
Visible swelling, ruptured plasma membrane and organelles, ruptured nucleus, mitochondria swollen with amorphous densities

A

Ultrastructural

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7
Q

Name the category of oncotic necrosis morphology:
Hypereosinophilic cytoplasm (denatured proteins + loss of ribosomes), nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis)

A

Microscopic

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8
Q

Nuclear condensation with shrinkage and intense basophilia

A

Pyknosis

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9
Q

Nuclear fragmentation

A

Karyorrhexis

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10
Q

Nuclear dissolution or loss

A

Karyolysis

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11
Q

Name the category of oncotic necrosis morphology:
Swelling and pallor (soon after cell death), loss of structural detail, demarcation from adjacent viable tissue, discolored, soft, appearance highly variable depending on many factors

A

Macroscopic/Gross

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12
Q

What are the 4 main classifications of necrosis?

A

Coagulation, caseous, liquefactive/lytic, gangrenous

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13
Q

Type of necrosis typically caused by hypoxia, ischemia, or toxic injury; general tissue structure preserved, cell outlines recognizable, nuclei loss, pale tan/gray or red, solid, and often sharply demarcated from adjacent viable tissue

A

Coagulation necrosis

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14
Q

A focal area of coagulation necrosis resulting from failure of blood supply (ischemia)

A

Infarct

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15
Q

When blood enters infarcted tissue because blood flow is restored in the obstructed vessel, or arrived from collateral circulation, it creates a…

A

Hemorrhagic infarct

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16
Q

When macrophages remove the blood from an acute hemorrhagic infarct, it creates an…

A

Ischemic (pale) infarct

17
Q

Obstruction of the venous system by thrombus or external compression creates a…

A

Venous infarct

(Examples: infarcts created by intestinal volvulus or strangulation lipomas)

18
Q

Type of necrosis with curdled-cheese gross appearance; older lesion, compete loss of cellular/tissue architecture, cell outlines not visible; crumbled, granular consistency with yellow-white color; mineralization common

A

Caseous necrosis

Example: Mycobacterium spp (tuberculosis)

19
Q

Type of necrosis where tissue is in a fluid phase; cells lysed by lytic enzymes of neutrophils; yellow, soft, liquid consistency; loss of tissue/cellular structure, cell outlines not visible; the only kind of necrosis found in the CNS

A

Liquefactive necrosis

Examples: necrosis of CNS (lack of fibrous tissue to uphold tissue structure) and infection of pyogenic bacteria (at the center of abscesses)

20
Q

The lessening of density of tissue; loss of neuropil in terms of liquefactive necrosis

A

Rarefaction

21
Q

A form of infarction due to loss of blood supply found at the distal aspect of extremities; dry leathery texture, free of bacteria

A

Dry gangrene

22
Q

Necrotic tissue invaded by bacteria that occurs commonly in the lungs (aspiration pneumonia) and mammary glands

A

Wet gangrene

23
Q

Necrotic tissue invaded by gas forming bacteria

A

Gas gangrene

24
Q

Necrosis that occurs secondary to leakage of pancreatic enzymes (lipases) in pancreatitis cases

A

Enzymatic fat necrosis

25
Q

Necrosis caused by blunt trauma or chronic pressure against bony prominences (subcutaneous adipose tissue in recumbent animals)

A

Traumatic fat necrosis

26
Q

Necrosis of abdominal fat in overconditioned cattle

A

Idiopathic fat necrosis

27
Q

Superficial sloughing or exfoliation of dead cells without rupture of basement membrane

A

Erosion

28
Q

Full-thickness necrosis of the epithelium with rupture of basement membrane

A

Ulcer

29
Q

Consequences of oncotic necrosis include… (multiple answers)

A
  • Elicits an inflammatory reaction
  • Formation of a sequestrum
  • Inflammation with regeneration
  • Inflammation with scar formation
30
Q

What happens to tissue during inflammation brought on by oncotic necrosis?

A

Red line encircle necrotic tissue and vessels bring leukocytes to the site to phagocytize the necrotic tissue

31
Q

What is a sequestrum?

A

A piece of dead bone tissue occurring within a diseased bone that became separated from normal bone during necrosis

Example: sequelas form during osteomyelitis

32
Q

When can inflammation with regeneration be utilized effectively by the body

A

When the defect is shallow and able to be repaired

33
Q

What occurs during inflammation with scar formation?

A

Dead tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue

34
Q

What is the purpose of pathologic apoptosis?

A

Eliminates unwanted, potentially harmful, useless, and damaged cells

35
Q

Morphologically, how can apoptosis be easily distinguished from necrosis?

A

Apoptosis involves condensation and shrinkage of the cell, while necrosis typically involves swelling and leakage/rupture of the cell

36
Q

What are some physiological purposes of apoptosis?

A
  • Programmed cell destruction during embryogenesis
  • Shrinkage of organs/tissues deprived of hormonal stim.
  • Cell deletion in proliferating cell populations (to maintain homeostasis)
37
Q

What are some pathologic triggers of apoptosis?

A
  • Injury from toxins/ROS
  • Mitochondria and DNA damage (anti-cancer drugs)
  • mediated by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
  • Nutrient deprivation
38
Q

What are some histological characteristics seen in apoptosis?

A

Cellular shrinkage, intact plasma membrane, no inflammation, individual cells

General Pathology (10 decks)

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