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Microbiology summer 2015 Midterm 2 > Pathogenicity lecture > Flashcards

Pathogenicity lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Normal microbiota

  • axenic = _______________
  • Resident = ____________________
  • Transient = _____________
A

1) no microbiota
2) stay for a long time
3) short stay

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2
Q

Normal microbiota is Usually ______________ (both benefit) or ________________ (one benefits, one is unharmed)

A

1) mutualistic
2) commensalistic

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3
Q

microbiota can be ________________ which will become parasitic (usually not) if __________________________________.

Ex. _______________________

A

1) Opportunistic
2) certain bacteria is where it shouldn’t be
3) C. diff

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4
Q

Cases that opens you up for Opportunistic infections are:

  • __________________ (HIV, cancer; typically really bad)
  • Changes in normal microbiota
  • _________________ (when something that should not win does, and end up causing prop)
  • Antibiota, hormone changes, stress, diet
  • Introduction of normal microbiota to ___________________
A

1) Immune suppression
2) Competition
3) unusual site

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5
Q

Where do pathogens live before they infect you?

A
  1. Animal reservoirs
  2. Human carriers
  3. Nonliving reservoirs
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6
Q

Animal reservoirs

  • Zoonosis (plural zoonoses) :_____________________
  • __________________ w/ animal/waste, eating animal, bloodsucking arthropods
  • __________________ ( large populations)

“Humans usually dead end host (don’t participate in life cycle; not spread to animals for the most part) because we go to doctors and animals don’t eat us and we dispose our feces properly”

A

1) sickness from animal
2) Direct contact
3) Extensive reservoirs

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7
Q

Zoonosis diseases

1) _______________________ —–> uncooked meat
2) _______________________ —–> bit by a female mesquito
3) _______________________ —–> contaminated meat, contact w/ infected tissues, CATS

A

1) Tapeworms
2) Malaria
3) Toxoplasmosis

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8
Q

Human carriers —–> people not showing signs or symptoms of an obvious disease

EX. -______________: maybe years before disease develops

A

AIDS / Syphilis

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9
Q

what are the 3 examples of the Nonliving reservoirs

  • _________________
A

1) soil, water, food

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10
Q

how do microbes get to you?

_________________: presence of microbes in/on body (doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll get sick Could become

  • Resident
  • Transient
  • Overcome body defenses, multiply, established in body which will cause it to become ______
A

1) Contaminated
2) an INFECTION!!

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11
Q

what are the Modes of transformation?

A

1) Contact
2) Vehicle
3) Vectors

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12
Q
  • Contact
  • _________________ (touch the source)
  • ______________ (source touches something, you touch that same thing)
  • __________ (coughing, exhaling, talking; less than 1 meter)
A

1) Direct contact
2) Indirect contact
3) Droplet

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13
Q
  • Vehicle
  • ___________ (more than 1 meter)
  • ___________ (fecal-oral contamination)
  • ___________
  • ___________
A

1) Airborne
2) Waterborne ( putting feces in your mouth )
3) Foodborne
4) Bodily fluids

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14
Q
  • Vectors
  • ____________
  • ____________ (accidental)
A

1) Biological (pathogen is inside the vector and is multiplying and becomes a part of the life cycle)
2) Mechanical (fly- not a part of the life cycle)

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15
Q

what are the four Portals of Entry?

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous Membranes
  • Placenta
  • Parenteral route
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16
Q
  • Skin - good protective layer
  • __________
  • __________ (digests outer layers, thru the skin)
A

1) cuts
2) burrow

17
Q

Mucous Membranes - wind around body cavity open for the env.

  • warm & moist and _______________
  • ____________ —> most common entry site
A

1) hospitable
2) respiratory tract

18
Q

entery of microbiota to the Placenta causes ________________________

what antibody crosses the placenta? _______

A

1) birthdefect
2) IgG

19
Q

Parenteral route

  • _____________________
  • pathogens directly into tissues beneath skin or mucous membranes

Ex. ____________________

A

1) not a true portal of entry
2) STEPPING ON A NAIL

20
Q

Microbiota is found in

A

1) Upper Resperator Tract
2) Upper Digestive Tract
3) Lower Digestive Tract
4) Female and Male Urigenital System
5) Eyes & Skin

21
Q

Microbes need to find a way to “stick” or _____________________

A

they’ll get flushed out

22
Q

Adhesion factors are

  • ____________, Ligands/adhesions

terms we use for Adhesions ____________________

  • Attachment proteins - depending on
A

1) Suckers
2) (fimbriae, flycocalyx)
3) what it is (they have different mechanisms)

23
Q

*Consider the host!

________________________ May work on humans but not on dogs.

Host specificity!! ——–> different organisms have different receptors on their cells

A
24
Q

how does the disease manifest?

  • Disease (morbity) – _________________________
  • Infection – ________________________________
  • Disease – ________________________________
  • Signs – _______________________________________
  • Symptoms – ______________________________________
  • Syndrome – ____________________________________
  • Asymptomatic/Subclinical – _________________________________________
A

1) change from a state of health
2) invasion of pathogen (finds portal of entry and has proper adhesion factors; will start infection)
3) microbe multiplies sufficiently to adversely affect body
4) objections (rash; swelling; diarrhea; detected or measured by an observer)
5) symptoms (pain; nausea; headache; sensed by the patient only)
6) signs & symptoms characteristic of a disease à certain infection
7) no symptoms or signs; possibly in blood work though

25
Q

what allows a microbe to become a disease?

___________________ (likeliness of microbe to cause disease; traits that interact with host & enable entry, adherence, access to nutrients, escape immune system)

A

Virulence factors

26
Q

list the four Virulence factors?

A

1) Adhesion factors
2) Extracellular enzymes
3) Toxins
4) antiphagocytic factors

27
Q

we can make the attachment proteins adhesions inactive (if we take them away they won’t cause problems)

Ex. _____________________ (if we take away the adhesion factor they will no longer be harmful to us)

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

28
Q

Extracellular enzymes (dissolve structural chemicals/protein in the body; helps it get inside and get deeper)

Hyaluronidase – _____________________

Collagenase – _____________________________

Coagulase – ______________________

Kinase – _____________________________

A

1) disolves hydloranic Acid (the glue)
2) break down structures of proteins (disolves collagen)
3) forms blood clot around self
4) dissolves clot when it’s ready to get out

29
Q
  • Toxins
  • trigger harmful immune response
  • toxemia: _____________________________
  • two types :

_______________ (mainly gram + and gram -) no fever, very toxic, heat stable

_______________ (gram -) fever

A

1) presence of toxins in the blood
2) Exotoxins
3) Endotoxin

30
Q

Antiphagocytic factors (allows it to be in body longer) ( more damage, big population )

  • Capsule
  • composed of material _______________________
  • ____________; it’ll squeeze out
  • _______________________________________________________
A

1) already found in the body ( can hide itself )
2) slippery
3) does not get desolved, stays and lives in the phagocytic cells.

31
Q

Portals of Exit

Pathogen – ______________________

Virulence – _____________________________

Opportunistic – under the right circumstance, _________________. Normally won’t

True Pathogen – _______________________________________ (Ex. ___________________)

A

1) causes disease
2) how likely it is to cause disease
3) can cause disease
4) one that will cause disease in a healthy individual
5) shagala

32
Q

Disease Progression

  • _______________: exposed; no signs or symptoms
  • _______________ (may or may not happen): feel like crap but don’t know why
  • _______________: you know you’re sick now
  • _______________: immune system is taking care of business; lower numbers
  • _______________: clean up
A

1) Incubation
2) Prodromal
3) Illness
4) Decline
5) Convalescence

33
Q

Herpes is always contagious)

A

Herpes is always contagious)

34
Q

KOCH’S POSTULATES ( list the 4 steps )

If all occur, whatever is isolated but have caused the disease

A
  • suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease
  • agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture
  • cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host (animal or plant)
  • same agent must be isolated from diseased experimental host
35
Q

Exceptions the Postulates:

A

1) Some pathogens can’t be grown in a lab.
2) Some diseases are caused by a combination of pathogens (ex. Liver cancer).
3) Ethics (some human diseases only work on humans, not mice)
4) Disease caused by more than mengitis one organism .
5) pathogens are ignored as potential causes.

36
Q

etiology is the _____________________________________________________

A

cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.

Microbiology summer 2015 Midterm 2 (5 decks)

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