Pathogenicity lecture Flashcards
Normal microbiota
- axenic = _______________
- Resident = ____________________
- Transient = _____________
1) no microbiota
2) stay for a long time
3) short stay
Normal microbiota is Usually ______________ (both benefit) or ________________ (one benefits, one is unharmed)
1) mutualistic
2) commensalistic
microbiota can be ________________ which will become parasitic (usually not) if __________________________________.
Ex. _______________________
1) Opportunistic
2) certain bacteria is where it shouldn’t be
3) C. diff
Cases that opens you up for Opportunistic infections are:
- __________________ (HIV, cancer; typically really bad)
- Changes in normal microbiota
- _________________ (when something that should not win does, and end up causing prop)
- Antibiota, hormone changes, stress, diet
- Introduction of normal microbiota to ___________________
1) Immune suppression
2) Competition
3) unusual site
Where do pathogens live before they infect you?
- Animal reservoirs
- Human carriers
- Nonliving reservoirs
Animal reservoirs
- Zoonosis (plural zoonoses) :_____________________
- __________________ w/ animal/waste, eating animal, bloodsucking arthropods
- __________________ ( large populations)
“Humans usually dead end host (don’t participate in life cycle; not spread to animals for the most part) because we go to doctors and animals don’t eat us and we dispose our feces properly”
1) sickness from animal
2) Direct contact
3) Extensive reservoirs
Zoonosis diseases
1) _______________________ —–> uncooked meat
2) _______________________ —–> bit by a female mesquito
3) _______________________ —–> contaminated meat, contact w/ infected tissues, CATS
1) Tapeworms
2) Malaria
3) Toxoplasmosis
Human carriers —–> people not showing signs or symptoms of an obvious disease
EX. -______________: maybe years before disease develops
AIDS / Syphilis
what are the 3 examples of the Nonliving reservoirs
- _________________
1) soil, water, food
how do microbes get to you?
_________________: presence of microbes in/on body (doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll get sick Could become
- Resident
- Transient
- Overcome body defenses, multiply, established in body which will cause it to become ______
1) Contaminated
2) an INFECTION!!
what are the Modes of transformation?
1) Contact
2) Vehicle
3) Vectors
- Contact
- _________________ (touch the source)
- ______________ (source touches something, you touch that same thing)
- __________ (coughing, exhaling, talking; less than 1 meter)
1) Direct contact
2) Indirect contact
3) Droplet
- Vehicle
- ___________ (more than 1 meter)
- ___________ (fecal-oral contamination)
- ___________
- ___________
1) Airborne
2) Waterborne ( putting feces in your mouth )
3) Foodborne
4) Bodily fluids
- Vectors
- ____________
- ____________ (accidental)
1) Biological (pathogen is inside the vector and is multiplying and becomes a part of the life cycle)
2) Mechanical (fly- not a part of the life cycle)
what are the four Portals of Entry?
- Skin
- Mucous Membranes
- Placenta
- Parenteral route
- Skin - good protective layer
- __________
- __________ (digests outer layers, thru the skin)
1) cuts
2) burrow
Mucous Membranes - wind around body cavity open for the env.
- warm & moist and _______________
- ____________ —> most common entry site
1) hospitable
2) respiratory tract
entery of microbiota to the Placenta causes ________________________
what antibody crosses the placenta? _______
1) birthdefect
2) IgG
Parenteral route
- _____________________
- pathogens directly into tissues beneath skin or mucous membranes
Ex. ____________________
1) not a true portal of entry
2) STEPPING ON A NAIL
Microbiota is found in
1) Upper Resperator Tract
2) Upper Digestive Tract
3) Lower Digestive Tract
4) Female and Male Urigenital System
5) Eyes & Skin
Microbes need to find a way to “stick” or _____________________
they’ll get flushed out
Adhesion factors are
- ____________, Ligands/adhesions
terms we use for Adhesions ____________________
- Attachment proteins - depending on
1) Suckers
2) (fimbriae, flycocalyx)
3) what it is (they have different mechanisms)
*Consider the host!
________________________ May work on humans but not on dogs.
Host specificity!! ——–> different organisms have different receptors on their cells
how does the disease manifest?
- Disease (morbity) – _________________________
- Infection – ________________________________
- Disease – ________________________________
- Signs – _______________________________________
- Symptoms – ______________________________________
- Syndrome – ____________________________________
- Asymptomatic/Subclinical – _________________________________________
1) change from a state of health
2) invasion of pathogen (finds portal of entry and has proper adhesion factors; will start infection)
3) microbe multiplies sufficiently to adversely affect body
4) objections (rash; swelling; diarrhea; detected or measured by an observer)
5) symptoms (pain; nausea; headache; sensed by the patient only)
6) signs & symptoms characteristic of a disease à certain infection
7) no symptoms or signs; possibly in blood work though
what allows a microbe to become a disease?
___________________ (likeliness of microbe to cause disease; traits that interact with host & enable entry, adherence, access to nutrients, escape immune system)
Virulence factors
list the four Virulence factors?
1) Adhesion factors
2) Extracellular enzymes
3) Toxins
4) antiphagocytic factors
we can make the attachment proteins adhesions inactive (if we take them away they won’t cause problems)
Ex. _____________________ (if we take away the adhesion factor they will no longer be harmful to us)
neisseria gonorrhoeae
Extracellular enzymes (dissolve structural chemicals/protein in the body; helps it get inside and get deeper)
Hyaluronidase – _____________________
Collagenase – _____________________________
Coagulase – ______________________
Kinase – _____________________________
1) disolves hydloranic Acid (the glue)
2) break down structures of proteins (disolves collagen)
3) forms blood clot around self
4) dissolves clot when it’s ready to get out
- Toxins
- trigger harmful immune response
- toxemia: _____________________________
- two types :
_______________ (mainly gram + and gram -) no fever, very toxic, heat stable
_______________ (gram -) fever
1) presence of toxins in the blood
2) Exotoxins
3) Endotoxin
Antiphagocytic factors (allows it to be in body longer) ( more damage, big population )
- Capsule
- composed of material _______________________
- ____________; it’ll squeeze out
- _______________________________________________________
1) already found in the body ( can hide itself )
2) slippery
3) does not get desolved, stays and lives in the phagocytic cells.
Portals of Exit
Pathogen – ______________________
Virulence – _____________________________
Opportunistic – under the right circumstance, _________________. Normally won’t
True Pathogen – _______________________________________ (Ex. ___________________)
1) causes disease
2) how likely it is to cause disease
3) can cause disease
4) one that will cause disease in a healthy individual
5) shagala
Disease Progression
- _______________: exposed; no signs or symptoms
- _______________ (may or may not happen): feel like crap but don’t know why
- _______________: you know you’re sick now
- _______________: immune system is taking care of business; lower numbers
- _______________: clean up
1) Incubation
2) Prodromal
3) Illness
4) Decline
5) Convalescence
Herpes is always contagious)
Herpes is always contagious)
KOCH’S POSTULATES ( list the 4 steps )
If all occur, whatever is isolated but have caused the disease
- suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease
- agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture
- cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host (animal or plant)
- same agent must be isolated from diseased experimental host
Exceptions the Postulates:
1) Some pathogens can’t be grown in a lab.
2) Some diseases are caused by a combination of pathogens (ex. Liver cancer).
3) Ethics (some human diseases only work on humans, not mice)
4) Disease caused by more than mengitis one organism .
5) pathogens are ignored as potential causes.
etiology is the _____________________________________________________
cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.
