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BDS1 Pathology > Pathogenicity > Flashcards

Pathogenicity Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism capable of causing disease

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2
Q

What is a commensal

A

Bugs that don’t cause harm but live/exist in the body

They are part of the normal flora

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3
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

The ability to cause disease

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4
Q

What is virulence?

A

The ability to cause severe disease

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5
Q

What does ubiquitous mean?

A

They are everywhere

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6
Q

What is an opportunist pathogen?

A

When in the right environment with the right conditions they will cause disease/damage

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7
Q

What are the 5 divisions of microorganisms?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Viruses
  • Prions
  • Parasites
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8
Q

What is colonisation?

A

When microbes find a new host and start to multiply

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9
Q

What is the bodies ‘normal flora?

A

When a balance develops between colonised microbes and humans

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10
Q

What is the name for when microbes cause disease?

A

Infection

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11
Q

What is an endogenous infection?

A

If the source of microbe is patient’s own flora - organisms in the body that cause infection

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12
Q

What is an exogenous infection?

A

If source of microbes is flora from outside the patient’s body - risk you get from other individuals - transmission of organisms

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13
Q

What is Koch’s postulates - the germ theory of disease?

A

If you take someone with a disease and take a sample from the patient - grow in pure culture to prove only organism there - put into animal model and show that animal then develops same disease: shows that one organism causes specific disease

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14
Q

How can diseases be transmitted?

A
  • Person-to-person
  • Fomites
  • Insects
  • Water
  • Food
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15
Q

How can diseases be transmitted from person-person?

A
  • Contaminated blood or bodily fluids
  • Touch
  • Air
  • Saliva
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16
Q

What are fomites?

A

Objects or materials that are likely to carry infection such as clothes, utensils or furniture

17
Q

What is the function of a capsule?

A

Layer that surrounds a prokaryotic cell

18
Q

What is the function of fimbriae?

A

cells ‘arms’ that can attach to things

19
Q

What is the function of a flagellum?

A

Allows movement of the cell (tail)

20
Q

What is the function of inclusion granules?

A

Stored nutrients, secretory products and pigment granules

21
Q

What is the function of membranous invagination?

A

The membrane folding in on itself and forming membranous organelles

22
Q

What are some encapsulated infections?

A
  • Meningitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Sinusitis
23
Q

Name some capsular functions?

A
  • Mediate adhesion
  • Immune evasion
  • Protect from drying up (desiccation)
  • Reserves of carbohydrate
  • Capsular material gives rise to ‘capsular antigens’
  • Encapsulated bacteria gives rise to smooth colonies
24
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

Release from a living bacteria cell into its surroundings

25
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

A toxin present inside a bacterial cell that is released when the cell dies

26
Q

What is tetanus also known as?

A

Locked jaw - muscles are over stimulated (highly deadly)

27
Q

What is Fimbriae/pili, colonisation factors contribution to virulence?

A

Adhesion, antiphagocytic

28
Q

What are capsule/slimes contribution to virulence?

A

Adhesion, protection against phagocytosis and complement, camouflage from immune system

29
Q

What is peptidoglycan’s contribution to virulence?

A

Immunomodulation, induction of inflammatory mediators

30
Q

What is LPS/endotoxins contribution to virulence?

A

Protection against compliment, induction of inflammatory cytokines: endo-toxic shock/ system inflammatory response syndrome

31
Q

What does Teichoic acid, secondary cell wall carbohydrates contribution to virulence?

A

Adhesion, sequestration of divalent cations, induction of inflammatory mediators

32
Q

What does flagella, axial filaments contribution to virulence?

A

Chemotaxis, penetration of mucus

33
Q

What are outer membrane proteins contribution to virulence?

A

Adhesion. Sequestration of iron. Invasion. Intracellular survival

34
Q

What are surface proteins contribution to virulence?

A

Adhesion, binding Fc region of immunoglobins

BDS1 Pathology (14 decks)

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