Intro to pathology

Question 1

What is the definition of pathology?

Answer 1

The science of the causes and effects of disease, using diagnostic testing to prevent disease

Question 2

Name 4 different specialities

Answer 2

• Anatomical pathology, Chemical pathology, Clinical pathology and general pathology

Question 3

What is the aetiology of a disease?

Answer 3

The cause or set of causes of a disease

Question 4

What is the pathogenesis of a disease?

Answer 4

The progressive changes as a disease develops

Question 5

What is the Sequelae of a disease?

Answer 5

What happens next - get better? persist? get worse?

Question 6

What is a symptom?

Answer 6

The complaint by the patient

Question 7

What is a sign?

Answer 7

What is identified by the examiner

Question 8

What is a provisional diagnosis?

Answer 8

The examiners initial diagnosis without examining further

Question 9

What is a differential diagnosis?

Answer 9

Diagnosis based upon knowledge, signs and symptoms

Question 10

What is the ‘diagnostic approach’?

Answer 10

• observation - deduction - relate to tissue disease processes - differential diagnosis

Question 11

What is the ‘surgical sieve’ (cause of a symptom)

Answer 11

The Framework medial practitioners can use during diagnosis and evaluation to quickly run through possible causes of a medical complaint, covering as many as possible so they can reach a diagnosis

Question 12

Surgical Sieve - What does VIITAMIIN stand for?

Answer 12

V - Vascular (related to blood vessels)
I - Infective 
I - Inflammatory 
T - Trauma 
A - Auto-immune 
M - Metabolic 
I - Idiopathic (unknown cause)
I - Iatrogenic (caused by having medical intervention)
N - Neoplastic (due to presence or formation of new, abnormal growth of tissue)

Question 13

What does Idiopathic mean?

Answer 13

unknown cause

Question 14

What does Iatrogenic mean?

Answer 14

Caused by having medical intervention

Question 15

What does Neoplastic mean?

Answer 15

Due to presence or formation of new, abnormal growth or tissue

Question 16

Definition meaning ‘driven by macromolecules’ e.g. antibodies?

Answer 16

Humoral

Question 17

Components that do not involve macromolecules but driven by cells?

Answer 17

Cellular

Question 18

How long does it take for Innate immunity to kick in?

Answer 18

First line of defence (1-3 days)

Question 19

When does Innate immunity begin to work in the body?

Answer 19

Present from birth

Question 20

What are the Innate immunity responses?

Answer 20

• Broad spectrum - non-specific
• No-memory or lasting protective immunity
• Responses are phylogenetically ancient

Question 21

Why is Innate immunity effective?

Answer 21

Regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, only rarely causing disease

Question 22

What immunity has specificity when recognising foreign substances/antigens?

Answer 22

Adaptive Immunity

Question 23

What is the B-cell humoral response of active immunity?

Answer 23

Plasma cells and secretion of immunoglobin

Question 24

What cells recognise antigenic determinants/epitopes? (the part of the antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself)

Answer 24

T-cell receptors (cellular immunity)

Question 25

What cells do T-cells require for the activation of the T-cells?

Answer 25

Antigen presenting cells

Question 26

How many days does it take for Adaptive immunity to develop once being exposed to a pathogen?

Answer 26

4-10 days

Question 27

What is adaptive immunity memory?

Answer 27

Repeat infections met immediately with strong and specific responses

Question 28

Where are T-cells trained to fight pathogens (where they mature)?

Answer 28

The Thymus

Question 29

Where are white blood cells stored?

Answer 29

Lymph nodes and spleen

Question 30

Where are white blood cells made?

Answer 30

Bone marrow

Question 31

Where is red blood cell density controlled?

Answer 31

Spleen

Question 32

What system transports clean fluids back to the blood and drain excess fluid from tissues whilst removing ‘debris’ from the body?

Answer 32

The Lymphatic system

Question 33

What is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection?

Answer 33

Inflammation - aimed at removing factor causing infection e.g. invading micro-organisms, altered self-cells

Question 34

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 34

Rubor - redness 
Tumour - swelling 
Calor - heat 
Dolor - pain 
Functio Iaesa - loss of function

Question 35

Inflammatory events - What is the initiation of reaction?

Answer 35

The response to harmful agents

Question 36

Inflammatory events - What is the progression of the reaction?

Answer 36

The containment of harmful agents - increasing the immune response

Question 37

Inflammatory events - What is the amplification of the reaction?

Answer 37

The modulation of the immune response

Question 38

Inflammatory events - What is the resolution of the reaction?

Answer 38

The favourable outcome leading to healing (acute inflammation)

Question 39

Inflammatory events - What is the failure to resolve the reaction?

Answer 39

Chronic inflammation - can be the forefront of many pathologies

Question 40

What is an example of acute inflammation in dentistry?

Answer 40

Gingivitis

Question 41

What is an example of chronic inflammation in dentistry?

Answer 41

Periodontitis

Question 42

What can happen as a result of an immune over-reaction?

Answer 42

• Autoimmune problem e.g. Type 1 diabetes, MS

- Allergic reaction e.g. hay fever, asthma

Question 43

What can happen as a result of an immune under-reaction?

Answer 43

• Cancer e.g. hepatitis, HIV

- Infection e.g. viruses, bacteria