Intro to pathology Flashcards
What is the definition of pathology?
The science of the causes and effects of disease, using diagnostic testing to prevent disease
Name 4 different specialities
- Anatomical pathology, Chemical pathology, Clinical pathology and general pathology
What is the aetiology of a disease?
The cause or set of causes of a disease
What is the pathogenesis of a disease?
The progressive changes as a disease develops
What is the Sequelae of a disease?
What happens next - get better? persist? get worse?
What is a symptom?
The complaint by the patient
What is a sign?
What is identified by the examiner
What is a provisional diagnosis?
The examiners initial diagnosis without examining further
What is a differential diagnosis?
Diagnosis based upon knowledge, signs and symptoms
What is the ‘diagnostic approach’?
- observation - deduction - relate to tissue disease processes - differential diagnosis
What is the ‘surgical sieve’ (cause of a symptom)
The Framework medial practitioners can use during diagnosis and evaluation to quickly run through possible causes of a medical complaint, covering as many as possible so they can reach a diagnosis
Surgical Sieve - What does VIITAMIIN stand for?
V - Vascular (related to blood vessels) I - Infective I - Inflammatory T - Trauma A - Auto-immune M - Metabolic I - Idiopathic (unknown cause) I - Iatrogenic (caused by having medical intervention) N - Neoplastic (due to presence or formation of new, abnormal growth of tissue)
What does Idiopathic mean?
unknown cause
What does Iatrogenic mean?
Caused by having medical intervention
What does Neoplastic mean?
Due to presence or formation of new, abnormal growth or tissue
Definition meaning ‘driven by macromolecules’ e.g. antibodies?
Humoral
Components that do not involve macromolecules but driven by cells?
Cellular
How long does it take for Innate immunity to kick in?
First line of defence (1-3 days)
When does Innate immunity begin to work in the body?
Present from birth
What are the Innate immunity responses?
- Broad spectrum - non-specific
- No-memory or lasting protective immunity
- Responses are phylogenetically ancient
Why is Innate immunity effective?
Regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, only rarely causing disease
What immunity has specificity when recognising foreign substances/antigens?
Adaptive Immunity
What is the B-cell humoral response of active immunity?
Plasma cells and secretion of immunoglobin
What cells recognise antigenic determinants/epitopes? (the part of the antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself)
T-cell receptors (cellular immunity)
What cells do T-cells require for the activation of the T-cells?
Antigen presenting cells
How many days does it take for Adaptive immunity to develop once being exposed to a pathogen?
4-10 days
What is adaptive immunity memory?
Repeat infections met immediately with strong and specific responses
Where are T-cells trained to fight pathogens (where they mature)?
The Thymus
Where are white blood cells stored?
Lymph nodes and spleen
Where are white blood cells made?
Bone marrow
Where is red blood cell density controlled?
Spleen
What system transports clean fluids back to the blood and drain excess fluid from tissues whilst removing ‘debris’ from the body?
The Lymphatic system
What is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection?
Inflammation - aimed at removing factor causing infection e.g. invading micro-organisms, altered self-cells
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Rubor - redness Tumour - swelling Calor - heat Dolor - pain Functio Iaesa - loss of function
Inflammatory events - What is the initiation of reaction?
The response to harmful agents
Inflammatory events - What is the progression of the reaction?
The containment of harmful agents - increasing the immune response
Inflammatory events - What is the amplification of the reaction?
The modulation of the immune response
Inflammatory events - What is the resolution of the reaction?
The favourable outcome leading to healing (acute inflammation)
Inflammatory events - What is the failure to resolve the reaction?
Chronic inflammation - can be the forefront of many pathologies
What is an example of acute inflammation in dentistry?
Gingivitis
What is an example of chronic inflammation in dentistry?
Periodontitis
What can happen as a result of an immune over-reaction?
- Autoimmune problem e.g. Type 1 diabetes, MS
- Allergic reaction e.g. hay fever, asthma
What can happen as a result of an immune under-reaction?
- Cancer e.g. hepatitis, HIV
- Infection e.g. viruses, bacteria
