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MICRB 106 - FINAL > Pathogenic DNA Viruses > Flashcards

Pathogenic DNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

______ are the largest of human pathogenic viruses

A

Poxviruses

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2
Q

What types of animals are infected by poxviruses?

A

Mammals

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3
Q

Describe macules

A

Flat, red lesions

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4
Q

Describe papules

A

Raised sores

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5
Q

Describe vesicles

A

Filled with clear fluid

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6
Q

Describe pustules

A

Filled with pus

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7
Q

Why do pox lesions result in characteristic scars?

A

They penetrate the dermis

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8
Q

How are poxviruses transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets

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9
Q

Why is close contact necessary for transmission of poxviruses?

A

Envelopes are unstable outside of a host’s body

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10
Q

Describe Edward Jenner’s work for the smallpox vaccine

A

Used a cowpox virus to protect against smallpox

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11
Q

What are the 2 strains of smallpox?

A
  • Variola major
  • Variola minor
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12
Q

Which strain of smallpox is more virulent?

A

Variola major

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13
Q

What was the first human disease to be eradicated globally in nature?

A

Smallpox

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14
Q

In which countries do stocks of smallpox still exist? (2)

A
  • US
  • Russia
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15
Q

Are US citizens still vaccinated against smallpox?

A

NO

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16
Q

What is the morphology of Herpesviridae viruses?

A

Polyhedral

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17
Q

How do herpes viruses enter host cells?

A

Membrane fusion

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18
Q

How do some herpes viruses cause cancer?

A

They insert into a host’s chromosomes

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19
Q

Name 4 diseases or conditions caused by herpesviruses

A
  • Chickenpox
  • Shingles
  • Cancer
  • Mono
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20
Q

The meaning of the word herpes (“to creep”) is relevant to what manifestation of herpes viruses?

A

Spreading skin lesions

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21
Q

What were HHV-1 and HHV-2 formally known as?

A

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2)

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22
Q

What causes recurrence of herpesviruses infections?

A

Activation of latent viruses

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23
Q

Explain ‘activation’ of HHV-1 and HHV-2 addressing sensory nerve cells and ganglia

A

Herpes viruses enter sensory nerve cells and remain latent in the ganglia

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24
Q

What was the first human herpesvirus to be discovered?

A

HHV-1

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25
Describe the lesions produced by HHV-1
Fever blisters / cold sores on the mouth
26
What percentage of HHV-1 cases result in genital herpes?
15%
27
Describe the lesions produced by HHV-2
Lesions on the genitalia
28
What percentage of HHV-2 cases result in genital herpes?
10%
29
Describe the pathology of ocular herpes
Latent HHV-1 travels down the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
30
Does ocular herpes result from a primary infection or reactivation of a latent herpesvirus?
Reactivation of latent herpes virus
31
What is whitlow?
Inflamed blisters on the fingers
32
What causes whitlow?
HHV-1 / HHV-2
33
How does a newborn typically contract neonatal herpes?
Contact with the mother’s reproductive tract
34
What is the standard preventative measure with regard to contracting neonatal herpes at birth?
C-section birth
35
How are HHV-1 and HHV-2 transmitted?
Close body contact
36
What is the usual source of infection associated with HHV-2 positive individuals?
Active lesions
37
How can HHV-2 be spread in the absence of active lesions?
Genetically
38
What type of chemotherapeutic agents are successfully used to control HHV-1 / HHV-2 infections?
Nucleotide analogs
39
What effect do nucleotide analogs have upon herpesviruses?
Reduce viral shedding
40
What is the common name for the herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and shingles?
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
41
What is the scientific name for chickenpox?
Varicella
42
What is the scientific name for singles?
Herpes zoster
43
How does varicella-zoster virus (VZV) enter the body?
Upper respiratory tract
44
How does varicella-zoster virus spread through the body?
Through the blood
45
Is chickenpox due to a localized infection or is it a systemic disease?
Systemic
46
Is chickenpox typically more severe in children or adults?
Children
47
Name 3 factors that trigger reactivation of varicella-zoster virus
- Aging - Stress - Immune suppression
48
What disease results from reactivation of varicella-zoster virus?
Shingles
49
What is a dermatome?
A band of skin from a single sensory nerve
50
What is the standard treatment for chickenpox?
Vaccination
51
What is the descriptive name for human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4)?
Epstein-barr virus (EBV)
52
What are the diseases caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)? (2)
- Burkitt’s lymphoma - Infectious mononucleosis (mono)
53
What is Burkitt’s lymphoma?
Infectious tumor of the jaw
54
Burkitt’s lymphoma is common in ______
African boys
55
Who discovered Burkitt’s lymphoma?
Denis Burkitt
56
What role did Michael Epstein and Yvonne Barr play in isolating Epstein-Barr virus?
They cultured samples of tumors
57
What is the causative agent of Burkitt’s lymphoma?
Epstein-barr virus (EBV)
58
What was the first virus shown to be responsible for human cancer?
Epstein-barr virus (EBV)
59
What is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (‘mono’)?
Epstein-barr virus (EBV)
60
______ is a 'war' between humoral and cell-mediated immunity
Infectious mononucleosis
61
Describe the pathology of infectious mononucleosis
T lymphocytes kill B lymphocytes
62
______ is the primary manifestation of infectious mononucleosis
Fatigue
63
How is Epstein-Barr virus transmitted?
Saliva
64
What are ‘papillomas’?
Benign growths of skin (warts)
65
Roughly how many strains of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are known to exist?
> 100
66
What is the morphology of papillomaviruses?
Naked icosahedral capsids
67
Describe the hardiness of HPVs
Resistant to environmental conditions
68
How do HPVs cause genital cancer?
They integrate into chromosomes
69
How are papillomaviruses transmitted? (2)
- Direct contact - Fomites
70
Rapid growth of virus-infected cells creates ______
Warts
71
Where do seed warts form?
Fingers / toes
72
Where do plantar warts form?
Soles of the feet
73
Where do flat warts form? (4)
- Trunk - Face - Elbows - Knees
74
What are ‘condylomata acuminata’?
Giant, cauliflower-like warts
75
Genital warts are associated with an increased risk for ______
Cervical cancer
76
What are some of the treatments for removal of warts? (4)
- Surgery - Freezing - Cauterization - Chemicals
77
What is gardasil?
A vaccine that prevents sexually transmitted papillomaviruses
78
What is the morphology of adenoviruses?
Naked polyhedral capsids
79
How did adenoviruses get their name?
Discovered infecting adenoid cells
80
What disease is caused by adenoviruses?
The common cold
81
Roughly how many different adenoviruses cause colds?
30
82
How are adenoviruses transmitted?
Respiratory droplets
83
Adenoviruses are very ______ outside of the body
Stable
84
What is conjunctivitis?
Inflammation of the eyes
85
What is the alternative name for adenoviral conjunctivitis?
Pink eye
86
What is the morphology of hepadnaviridae?
Icosahedral capsids
87
Describe the composition of the HBV genome (2)
- dsDNA - ssDNA
88
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in HBV?
Replication through an RNA intermediate
89
What is hepatits?
Inflammation of the liver
90
What is jaundice?
Yellowing of the skin and eyes
91
Accumulation of ______ causes jaundice
Bilirubin
92
How is HBV released from liver cells?
Exocytosis
93
How is HBV transmitted?
Bodily fluids
94
How is hepatitis diagnosed in the laboratory?
Detection of viral antibodies
95
Name the 3 forms of viral antigens as detected by antibodies
- Dane particles - Spherical particles - Filamentous particles
96
______ are complete infectious virions
Dane particles
97
______ are surface antigens without genomes
Spherical particles / filamentous particles
98
How can hepatitis B be prevented?
Vaccination

MICRB 106 - FINAL (4 decks)

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