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MICRB 106 - FINAL > Pathogenic DNA Viruses > Flashcards

Pathogenic DNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

______ are the largest of human pathogenic viruses

A

Poxviruses

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2
Q

What types of animals are infected by poxviruses?

A

Mammals

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3
Q

Describe macules

A

Flat, red lesions

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4
Q

Describe papules

A

Raised sores

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5
Q

Describe vesicles

A

Filled with clear fluid

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6
Q

Describe pustules

A

Filled with pus

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7
Q

Why do pox lesions result in characteristic scars?

A

They penetrate the dermis

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8
Q

How are poxviruses transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets

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9
Q

Why is close contact necessary for transmission of poxviruses?

A

Envelopes are unstable outside of a host’s body

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10
Q

Describe Edward Jenner’s work for the smallpox vaccine

A

Used a cowpox virus to protect against smallpox

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11
Q

What are the 2 strains of smallpox?

A
  • Variola major
  • Variola minor
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12
Q

Which strain of smallpox is more virulent?

A

Variola major

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13
Q

What was the first human disease to be eradicated globally in nature?

A

Smallpox

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14
Q

In which countries do stocks of smallpox still exist? (2)

A
  • US
  • Russia
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15
Q

Are US citizens still vaccinated against smallpox?

A

NO

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16
Q

What is the morphology of Herpesviridae viruses?

A

Polyhedral

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17
Q

How do herpes viruses enter host cells?

A

Membrane fusion

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18
Q

How do some herpes viruses cause cancer?

A

They insert into a host’s chromosomes

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19
Q

Name 4 diseases or conditions caused by herpesviruses

A
  • Chickenpox
  • Shingles
  • Cancer
  • Mono
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20
Q

The meaning of the word herpes (“to creep”) is relevant to what manifestation of herpes viruses?

A

Spreading skin lesions

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21
Q

What were HHV-1 and HHV-2 formally known as?

A

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2)

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22
Q

What causes recurrence of herpesviruses infections?

A

Activation of latent viruses

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23
Q

Explain ‘activation’ of HHV-1 and HHV-2 addressing sensory nerve cells and ganglia

A

Herpes viruses enter sensory nerve cells and remain latent in the ganglia

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24
Q

What was the first human herpesvirus to be discovered?

A

HHV-1

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25
Q

Describe the lesions produced by HHV-1

A

Fever blisters / cold sores on the mouth

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26
Q

What percentage of HHV-1 cases result in genital herpes?

A

15%

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27
Q

Describe the lesions produced by HHV-2

A

Lesions on the genitalia

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28
Q

What percentage of HHV-2 cases result in genital herpes?

A

10%

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29
Q

Describe the pathology of ocular herpes

A

Latent HHV-1 travels down the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve

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30
Q

Does ocular herpes result from a primary infection or reactivation of a latent herpesvirus?

A

Reactivation of latent herpes virus

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31
Q

What is whitlow?

A

Inflamed blisters on the fingers

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32
Q

What causes whitlow?

A

HHV-1 / HHV-2

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33
Q

How does a newborn typically contract neonatal herpes?

A

Contact with the mother’s reproductive tract

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34
Q

What is the standard preventative measure with regard to contracting neonatal herpes at birth?

A

C-section birth

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35
Q

How are HHV-1 and HHV-2 transmitted?

A

Close body contact

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36
Q

What is the usual source of infection associated with HHV-2 positive individuals?

A

Active lesions

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37
Q

How can HHV-2 be spread in the absence of active lesions?

A

Genetically

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38
Q

What type of chemotherapeutic agents are successfully used to control HHV-1 / HHV-2 infections?

A

Nucleotide analogs

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39
Q

What effect do nucleotide analogs have upon herpesviruses?

A

Reduce viral shedding

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40
Q

What is the common name for the herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and shingles?

A

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

41
Q

What is the scientific name for chickenpox?

A

Varicella

42
Q

What is the scientific name for singles?

A

Herpes zoster

43
Q

How does varicella-zoster virus (VZV) enter the body?

A

Upper respiratory tract

44
Q

How does varicella-zoster virus spread through the body?

A

Through the blood

45
Q

Is chickenpox due to a localized infection or is it a systemic disease?

A

Systemic

46
Q

Is chickenpox typically more severe in children or adults?

A

Children

47
Q

Name 3 factors that trigger reactivation of varicella-zoster virus

A
  • Aging
  • Stress
  • Immune suppression
48
Q

What disease results from reactivation of varicella-zoster virus?

A

Shingles

49
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A band of skin from a single sensory nerve

50
Q

What is the standard treatment for chickenpox?

A

Vaccination

51
Q

What is the descriptive name for human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4)?

A

Epstein-barr virus (EBV)

52
Q

What are the diseases caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)? (2)

A
  • Burkitt’s lymphoma
  • Infectious mononucleosis (mono)
53
Q

What is Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

Infectious tumor of the jaw

54
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma is common in ______

A

African boys

55
Q

Who discovered Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

Denis Burkitt

56
Q

What role did Michael Epstein and Yvonne Barr play in isolating Epstein-Barr virus?

A

They cultured samples of tumors

57
Q

What is the causative agent of Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

Epstein-barr virus (EBV)

58
Q

What was the first virus shown to be responsible for human cancer?

A

Epstein-barr virus (EBV)

59
Q

What is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (‘mono’)?

A

Epstein-barr virus (EBV)

60
Q

______ is a ‘war’ between humoral and cell-mediated immunity

A

Infectious mononucleosis

61
Q

Describe the pathology of infectious mononucleosis

A

T lymphocytes kill B lymphocytes

62
Q

______ is the primary manifestation of infectious mononucleosis

A

Fatigue

63
Q

How is Epstein-Barr virus transmitted?

A

Saliva

64
Q

What are ‘papillomas’?

A

Benign growths of skin (warts)

65
Q

Roughly how many strains of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are known to exist?

A

> 100

66
Q

What is the morphology of papillomaviruses?

A

Naked icosahedral capsids

67
Q

Describe the hardiness of HPVs

A

Resistant to environmental conditions

68
Q

How do HPVs cause genital cancer?

A

They integrate into chromosomes

69
Q

How are papillomaviruses transmitted? (2)

A
  • Direct contact
  • Fomites
70
Q

Rapid growth of virus-infected cells creates ______

A

Warts

71
Q

Where do seed warts form?

A

Fingers / toes

72
Q

Where do plantar warts form?

A

Soles of the feet

73
Q

Where do flat warts form? (4)

A
  • Trunk
  • Face
  • Elbows
  • Knees
74
Q

What are ‘condylomata acuminata’?

A

Giant, cauliflower-like warts

75
Q

Genital warts are associated with an increased risk for ______

A

Cervical cancer

76
Q

What are some of the treatments for removal of warts? (4)

A
  • Surgery
  • Freezing
  • Cauterization
  • Chemicals
77
Q

What is gardasil?

A

A vaccine that prevents sexually transmitted papillomaviruses

78
Q

What is the morphology of adenoviruses?

A

Naked polyhedral capsids

79
Q

How did adenoviruses get their name?

A

Discovered infecting adenoid cells

80
Q

What disease is caused by adenoviruses?

A

The common cold

81
Q

Roughly how many different adenoviruses cause colds?

A

30

82
Q

How are adenoviruses transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets

83
Q

Adenoviruses are very ______ outside of the body

A

Stable

84
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammation of the eyes

85
Q

What is the alternative name for adenoviral conjunctivitis?

A

Pink eye

86
Q

What is the morphology of hepadnaviridae?

A

Icosahedral capsids

87
Q

Describe the composition of the HBV genome (2)

A
  • dsDNA
  • ssDNA
88
Q

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in HBV?

A

Replication through an RNA intermediate

89
Q

What is hepatits?

A

Inflammation of the liver

90
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellowing of the skin and eyes

91
Q

Accumulation of ______ causes jaundice

A

Bilirubin

92
Q

How is HBV released from liver cells?

A

Exocytosis

93
Q

How is HBV transmitted?

A

Bodily fluids

94
Q

How is hepatitis diagnosed in the laboratory?

A

Detection of viral antibodies

95
Q

Name the 3 forms of viral antigens as detected by antibodies

A
  • Dane particles
  • Spherical particles
  • Filamentous particles
96
Q

______ are complete infectious virions

A

Dane particles

97
Q

______ are surface antigens without genomes

A

Spherical particles / filamentous particles

98
Q

How can hepatitis B be prevented?

A

Vaccination

MICRB 106 - FINAL (4 decks)

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