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Test 3 material > Pathogenesis/Virulence > Flashcards

Pathogenesis/Virulence Flashcards

1
Q

How can diseases be classified

A
  • by the body system they affect
  • by the extent of body affected
  • by the state of the host when affected
  • by their longevity and severity
  • by how they are spread to their host
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2
Q

True or False

Diseases can only be classified in one way

A

False

They can be classified in a number of ways

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3
Q

In classification, the extent of the body described can be described as either __________ or ___________

A

Local; systemic

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4
Q

In classification, the state of the host when affected can be either ___________ or ___________

A

Primary; secondary

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5
Q

In classification, longevity and severity can be measured by what 4 categories

A

Acute, chronic, subacute, and latent

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6
Q

In classification, diseases spread to their hosts can be either _____________, ____________, ____________

A

Communicable, noncommunicable, or contagious

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7
Q

Acute

A

Develops rapidly, lasts a short time

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8
Q

Chronic

A

Develops slowly, lasts a long time

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9
Q

Subacute

A

Moderate development, moderate duration

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10
Q

Latent

A

Periodically symptomatic infection

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11
Q

Infectious diseases

A

Diseases caused by microorganisms

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12
Q

Communicable

A

Can be transmitted from one host to another

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13
Q

Noncommunicable

A

Not transmitted between hosts

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14
Q

Contagious

A

Highly communicable

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15
Q

Tetanus is an example of a ___________ disease

A

Noncommunicable

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16
Q

Lyme disease is an example of a _______________ disease

A

Communicable

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17
Q

The common cold is an example of a ____________ disease

A

Contagious

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18
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

Hospital acquired infections

[occur in about 10% of patients]

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19
Q

Which populations are more susceptible to nosocomial infections

A

The young, the old, and the immunocompromised

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20
Q

Which bacteria are common culprits of nosocomial infections

A
  • pathogenic cocci (gram + cocci)
  • enterobacteria (gram - rods)
  • pseudomonas (gram - rods)
  • candida (fungus)
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21
Q

What are the common nosocomial infections

A
  • Urinary tract
  • wounds
  • respirator-related pneumonia
  • central lines and other catheters
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22
Q

Commensal organisms [aka normal flora]

A

Bacteria that are found in or on our bodies on a semi-permanent basis without causing disease; they provide microbial antagonism

23
Q

Microbial antagonism

A

Occurs when commensal organisms help prevent bad bacteria from getting into the body

24
Q

Name areas of the body where bacteria should not normally occur

A

CNS, sinuses, urinary system, lower respiratory tract, blood & other tissues, inner female reproductive system

25
Q

Pathogens

A

Organisms capable of causing disease

26
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Commensal or environmental organisms that cause disease under certain circumstances

27
Q

What conditions provide opportunities for pathogens

A

Changes in the commensal organisms, immune suppression, introduction of commensal or environmental organisms into unusual sites in the body

28
Q

Obligate pathogens

A

Organisms that must infect a hosts in order to survive; cause disease to accomplish transmission

29
Q

Infection

A

When an organisms envades body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body

30
Q

True or False

Infection always causes disease

A

False

Infection does not always cause disease

31
Q

Disease

A

Results when the infection alters normal body function

32
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient

33
Q

Signs

A

Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others

34
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability for microorganisms to cause disease

35
Q

Virulence

A

The degree of pathogenicity; a measure of the severity of a disease

36
Q

Name the sites where pathogens enter the body

A

Skin, mucous membranes, placenta, parenteral route

37
Q

Pathogens use ___________ best suited to their mechanisms of _______________

A

Portals of entry; pathogenesis

38
Q

Describe how skin is a portal of entry

A

Outer layer of dead skin cells act as a barrier to pathogens; some pathogens can enter through openings or cuts

39
Q

Describe how mucous membranes are a portal of entry

A

They line the body cavities that are open to the environment; provide a moist, warm environment hospitable to pathogens

40
Q

That is the most common portal

A

Respiratory tract

41
Q

Describe how the placenta is a portal of entry

A

It typically forms an effective barrier to pathogens; pathogens may cross the placenta and infect the fetus

42
Q

Describe how the parenteral route is a portal of entry

A

Means by which the normal protection can be circumvented; pathogens are deposited directly to tissues beneath the skin mucous membranes

43
Q

Adhesion (in infection)

A

The process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells; it is required to successfully establish colonies within the host

44
Q

Explain the process of adhesion

A

Viral or bacterial ligands bind host cell receptors; interaction can determine host cell specificity; changing/blocking a ligand or its receptor can prevent infection; inability to make attachment proteins or adhesins renders microorganisms avirulent

45
Q

Some bacterial pathogens can attach to each other to form a ___________

A

Biofilm

46
Q

Virulence factors

A

Factors that allow the pathogen to cause disease; contribute to virulence

47
Q

Name some examples of virulence factors

A

Adhesins, biofilms, extracellular enzymes, toxins, antiphagocytic factors, toxins

48
Q

Pathogenicity islands

A

Where virulence genes occur within the microorganism’s genome

49
Q

Exotoxins

A

Proteins secrted by pathogens to kill host cells. Effects include fever, diarrhea, shock, and nervous system damage

50
Q

What do cytotoxins affect

A

Cells

51
Q

What do neurotoxins affect

A

Nerve cells

52
Q

What do endotoxins affect

A

Gastrointestinal tract

53
Q

Endotoxins

A

Components of gram negative outer membrane, released when they lyse. Effects include fever, chills, weakness, shock, death

54
Q

What are examples of portals of exit

A

Ear, broken skin, skin, anus, eyes, seminal vesicles, urethra, vagina, nose

Test 3 material (3 decks)

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