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Test 3 material > Host Defenses/Immunity > Flashcards

Host Defenses/Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of immunity

A

Nonspecific (innate) immunity & adaptive immunity

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2
Q

Describe innate immunity

A

Immunity present at birth; include the first and second lines of defense; NONSPECIFIC responses to destroy invading cells; barriers to infection

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3
Q

Describe adaptive immunity

A

Body reacts to antigens when exposed; reaction to SPECIFIC antigens; retains “memory” of those antigens–faster response if exposed a second time

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4
Q

The first lines of defense can be either ___________ or __________

A

Physical or chemical

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5
Q

Describe the first physical lines of defense

A 
Skin
-keratin
-skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
Mucous membranes
-trap, destroy pathogens
-gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
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6
Q

Describe the first chemical lines of defense

A

Stomach pH
- acidic stomach contents
Lysozyme
- destroys bacterial cell walls and is abundant in human secretions
Defensins
- small antimicrobial peptides produced by many human cells
-destroy invader’s cell membranes

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7
Q

True or False

The human body is never under attack from microbial invaders

A

False

The human body is under constant attack from microbial invaders

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8
Q

What are the second lines of defense

A

Acute inflammation, phagocytosis, interferons, fever, natural killer cells, toll-like receptors, complement cascade

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9
Q

Antigens

A

Parts of foreign proteins, sugars, or chemicals

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10
Q

Explain what happens in acute inflammation

A

Damaged tissue secretes bradykinin, histamine then stimulates vessels to open, and prostaglandin is released to signal pain and itching

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11
Q

Bradykinin

A

Promote extravasation and stimulates mast cells to degranulate; releases histamine

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12
Q

Histamine

A

Stimulates vessels to open up further so that blood, plasma, and platelets are released into the area

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13
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Stimulates nerve endings to initiate pain and itching

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14
Q

Opsonization

A

Immune process where bacteria and antigens are targeted and marked for destruction by a phagocyte

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15
Q

Name some examples of an oxygen-independent killing pathways

A

Lysozyme, lactoferrin, and defensins

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16
Q

Interferons

A

Low molecular weight cytokines that interfere with the spreading of a virus—it is host specific not virus specific

There are two general types:

  • type I : have high antiviral potency
  • type II : activate white blood cells
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17
Q

____________ is the body’s thermostat

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

Fever is stimulated by the presence of ____________

A

Pyrogens

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19
Q

Pyrogens can be either ___________ or ____________

A

Exogenous or endogenous

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20
Q

Exogenous pyrogens

A

Come from outside of the body

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21
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

Come from inside the body

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22
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Kill infected and cancerous host cells and secrete perforin into cells that cause cells to lyse

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23
Q

Perforin

A

Protein that perforates cell and causes it to lyse by forming membrane proteins

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24
Q

Toll-like receptors

A

Host cell receptors that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns— binding to these initiates intracellular regulatory cascade

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25
What does PAMP stand for
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
26
Complement cascade
A system of 20 proteins that complement the work of the adaptive immunity system; this system is activated by gram negative LPS, antibodies or lectin
27
What are the two types of adaptive immunity
Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity
28
Humoral immunity is mediated by _______ cells (___ lymphocytes)
B
29
Cell-mediated immunity involves ____ cells (___ lymphocytes)
T
30
What type of immunity produces antibodies that directly target antigens of invaders; good for extracellular pathogens
Humoral immunity B cells present extracellular antigens to T cells and are directed to make antibodies
31
What type of immunity controls antibody production and can directly kill infected host cells; good for intracellular pathogens
Cell-mediated Immunity T cells recognize antigens on infected cells
32
Antigens
Tiny pieces of the microbe
33
Epitope
[Aka antigenic determinant ] A small segment of an antigen that is bound by an antibody; the specific components of antigens that are targeted by antibodies
34
Immunogenicity
Measures the effectiveness by which an antigen elicits an immune response
35
Immunological specificity
Means that antibody made to one epitope will generally not bind to other epitopes---- however, cross-binding between similar epitopes can occur
36
Antibody (immunoglobulin)
Is a Y-shaped structure made up of four polypeptides; it has constant and variable regions--variable regions form the antigen-binding site; there are 5 different types
37
What are the 5 classes of antibodies
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, & IgE
38
True or False All antibody isotopes have different basic structures.
False All antibody isotopes have the same basic structure, however each has a unique "super" structure
39
Describe IgG
It's a monomer with four subclasses. Is most abundant antibody in blood and tissue fluids and is the longest lasting--can cross placenta & activates complement
40
Describe IgA
It is most commonly found as a dimer; is secreted across mucosa and is abundant in secretions such as tears and breast milk
41
Describe IgM
Monomer (on B cells) or pentamer; first antibody detected during an immune response
42
Describe IgD
Is a monomer; is found abundantly on B cells but it's function is unknown
43
Describe IgE
Monomer found on mast cells and basophils; mediates inflammatory response; allergies; parasitic infection
44
Primary antibody response is initiated via _________________
Disease or vaccination
45
Secondary antibody response is initiated via _________________
A second exposure to pathogen or booster dose
46
What occurs during a primary antibody response
Antibodies appear in serum after several days; B cells that bind antigen make antibodies; some B cells become memory cells
47
What occurs during a secondary antibody response
Antibodies appear in blood within hours; a much bigger response occurs with mostly IgG
48
Where do B lymphocytes mature and where are they found; what is their function
They mature in bone marrow and are found in spleen and lymph tissues; function to secrete antibodies
49
When antigens are encountered, B cells differentiate by _______________ into plasma cells and memory cells
Clonal selection
50
__________ serve as a link between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity
T cells
51
Where do t lymphocytes mature
In the thymus and contain surface antigens different from those of B cells
52
T cells can be divided into what two groups
Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
53
Helper T cells
Assist in the activation of B cells and other cells
54
Cytotoxic T cells
Destroy bacteria and infected host cells
55
What are the three types of helper T cells
TH0, TH1, and TH2
56
TH0-T cells
Precursor that can differentiate into the other two types
57
TH1- T cells
Responds to antigens from infected cells [ex: cancer cells expressing mutated proteins]---activates cytotoxic T cells to destroy infected cells Cell-mediated
58
TH2- T cells
Responds to antigens in the bloodstream [bacterial & viral proteins]; activates B cells to produce antibodies; aids in having invaders engulfed by phagocytes Humoral
59
The two types of major histocompatibility complexes
Class I MHC- found on all nucleated cells (deals with intracellular pathogens) Class II MHC- found only on antigen-presenting cells (deals with extracellular pathogens)
60
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Consists of membrane proteins with variable regions that can bind antigens; functions to present antigens on cell surfaces, providing targeting information for T cells
61
What happens during MHC class I
Microbial proteins made in host cytoplasms are degraded; peptides are imported into the ER and loaded onto MHC class 1 molecules
62
What happens during MHC class II
Microbial proteins made outside the cell are endocytosed in an endosome; they are then degraded and placed on MHC class II molecules
63
T cell receptors bind antigens attached to MHC, triggering T cell ______________
Proliferation
64
What happens to TH0 during a cell-mediated immune response
When the TH0 cell binds MHC II to an antigen presenting cell, it is activated to become a TH1 or TH2 (depending on the cytokines present) which leads to the proliferation [rapid production] of helper T cells and TH1 activates nearby cytotoxic T cells Activated cytotoxic T cells bind MHC I present on all cells--once the cell a-p cell is infected, it must be destroyed. Cytotoxic T cells secrete perforin and toxic granzymes
65
What happens to TH0 during a humoral immune response
When the TH0 cell binds MHC II to an antigen presenting cell, it is activated to become a TH2 cell. When B cells bind the antigen to antibodies, it stimulates B cell proliferation and differentiation--- form plasma cells that prevent virus from binding to target cells and memory B cells that will reactivate if it binds to the antigen again.
66
How many types of hypersensitivities are there
2
67
Explain what happens during type I hypersensitivity
Mast cells degranulate and release histamine. This results in capillary expansion, production of prostaglandin, and an inflammatory response.
68
When does type II hypersensitivity occur
When antibody binds to host cell surface antigens
69
Autoimmunity
Inability to distinguish between self antigens and foreign antigens-- occurs when immune system reacts to host cells; cytotoxic T cells can kill host cells that make self protein closely resembling a foreign antigen
70
What are 3 examples of autoimmune diseases
Systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type I diabetes
71
What are three types of immune tests
Precipitation, agglutination, and ELISA
72
Precipitation test
Antigens and antibody mixed in the proper proportion form large complexes called precipitates
73
Agglutination test
Cross-linking of antibodies with particulate antigens cause agglutination
74
Agglutination
The clumping of insoluble particles
75
What does ELISA stand for
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
76
ELISA can detect antigens or antibodies present in _____________ and _____________ quantities
Nanogram & picogram
77
Active immunization
Administration of antigens so patient actively mounts a protective immune response (ex: vaccine)
78
Passive immunization
Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal
79
What are the types of vaccines
- Attenuated (live) - inactivated (killed) - toxoid - combination
80
Risks of vaccines
Toxicity, allergic reactions, & residual virulence
81
What are the practical applications of immune system understanding
Precipitation, agglutination, ELISA, and immunizations

Test 3 material (3 decks)

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