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Test 3 material > Host Defenses/Immunity > Flashcards

Host Defenses/Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of immunity

A

Nonspecific (innate) immunity & adaptive immunity

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2
Q

Describe innate immunity

A

Immunity present at birth; include the first and second lines of defense; NONSPECIFIC responses to destroy invading cells; barriers to infection

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3
Q

Describe adaptive immunity

A

Body reacts to antigens when exposed; reaction to SPECIFIC antigens; retains “memory” of those antigens–faster response if exposed a second time

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4
Q

The first lines of defense can be either ___________ or __________

A

Physical or chemical

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5
Q

Describe the first physical lines of defense

A 
Skin
-keratin
-skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
Mucous membranes
-trap, destroy pathogens
-gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
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6
Q

Describe the first chemical lines of defense

A

Stomach pH
- acidic stomach contents
Lysozyme
- destroys bacterial cell walls and is abundant in human secretions
Defensins
- small antimicrobial peptides produced by many human cells
-destroy invader’s cell membranes

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7
Q

True or False

The human body is never under attack from microbial invaders

A

False

The human body is under constant attack from microbial invaders

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8
Q

What are the second lines of defense

A

Acute inflammation, phagocytosis, interferons, fever, natural killer cells, toll-like receptors, complement cascade

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9
Q

Antigens

A

Parts of foreign proteins, sugars, or chemicals

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10
Q

Explain what happens in acute inflammation

A

Damaged tissue secretes bradykinin, histamine then stimulates vessels to open, and prostaglandin is released to signal pain and itching

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11
Q

Bradykinin

A

Promote extravasation and stimulates mast cells to degranulate; releases histamine

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12
Q

Histamine

A

Stimulates vessels to open up further so that blood, plasma, and platelets are released into the area

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13
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Stimulates nerve endings to initiate pain and itching

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14
Q

Opsonization

A

Immune process where bacteria and antigens are targeted and marked for destruction by a phagocyte

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15
Q

Name some examples of an oxygen-independent killing pathways

A

Lysozyme, lactoferrin, and defensins

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16
Q

Interferons

A

Low molecular weight cytokines that interfere with the spreading of a virus—it is host specific not virus specific

There are two general types:

  • type I : have high antiviral potency
  • type II : activate white blood cells
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17
Q

____________ is the body’s thermostat

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

Fever is stimulated by the presence of ____________

A

Pyrogens

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19
Q

Pyrogens can be either ___________ or ____________

A

Exogenous or endogenous

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20
Q

Exogenous pyrogens

A

Come from outside of the body

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21
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

Come from inside the body

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22
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Kill infected and cancerous host cells and secrete perforin into cells that cause cells to lyse

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23
Q

Perforin

A

Protein that perforates cell and causes it to lyse by forming membrane proteins

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24
Q

Toll-like receptors

A

Host cell receptors that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns— binding to these initiates intracellular regulatory cascade

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25
Q

What does PAMP stand for

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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26
Q

Complement cascade

A

A system of 20 proteins that complement the work of the adaptive immunity system; this system is activated by gram negative LPS, antibodies or lectin

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27
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity

A

Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

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28
Q

Humoral immunity is mediated by _______ cells (___ lymphocytes)

A

B

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29
Q

Cell-mediated immunity involves ____ cells (___ lymphocytes)

A

T

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30
Q

What type of immunity produces antibodies that directly target antigens of invaders; good for extracellular pathogens

A

Humoral immunity

B cells present extracellular antigens to T cells and are directed to make antibodies

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31
Q

What type of immunity controls antibody production and can directly kill infected host cells; good for intracellular pathogens

A

Cell-mediated Immunity

T cells recognize antigens on infected cells

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32
Q

Antigens

A

Tiny pieces of the microbe

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33
Q

Epitope

A

[Aka antigenic determinant ]
A small segment of an antigen that is bound by an antibody; the specific components of antigens that are targeted by antibodies

34
Q

Immunogenicity

A

Measures the effectiveness by which an antigen elicits an immune response

35
Q

Immunological specificity

A

Means that antibody made to one epitope will generally not bind to other epitopes—- however, cross-binding between similar epitopes can occur

36
Q

Antibody (immunoglobulin)

A

Is a Y-shaped structure made up of four polypeptides; it has constant and variable regions–variable regions form the antigen-binding site; there are 5 different types

37
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, & IgE

38
Q

True or False

All antibody isotopes have different basic structures.

A

False

All antibody isotopes have the same basic structure, however each has a unique “super” structure

39
Q

Describe IgG

A

It’s a monomer with four subclasses. Is most abundant antibody in blood and tissue fluids and is the longest lasting–can cross placenta & activates complement

40
Q

Describe IgA

A

It is most commonly found as a dimer; is secreted across mucosa and is abundant in secretions such as tears and breast milk

41
Q

Describe IgM

A

Monomer (on B cells) or pentamer; first antibody detected during an immune response

42
Q

Describe IgD

A

Is a monomer; is found abundantly on B cells but it’s function is unknown

43
Q

Describe IgE

A

Monomer found on mast cells and basophils; mediates inflammatory response; allergies; parasitic infection

44
Q

Primary antibody response is initiated via _________________

A

Disease or vaccination

45
Q

Secondary antibody response is initiated via _________________

A

A second exposure to pathogen or booster dose

46
Q

What occurs during a primary antibody response

A

Antibodies appear in serum after several days; B cells that bind antigen make antibodies; some B cells become memory cells

47
Q

What occurs during a secondary antibody response

A

Antibodies appear in blood within hours; a much bigger response occurs with mostly IgG

48
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature and where are they found; what is their function

A

They mature in bone marrow and are found in spleen and lymph tissues; function to secrete antibodies

49
Q

When antigens are encountered, B cells differentiate by _______________ into plasma cells and memory cells

A

Clonal selection

50
Q

__________ serve as a link between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells

51
Q

Where do t lymphocytes mature

A

In the thymus and contain surface antigens different from those of B cells

52
Q

T cells can be divided into what two groups

A

Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

53
Q

Helper T cells

A

Assist in the activation of B cells and other cells

54
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Destroy bacteria and infected host cells

55
Q

What are the three types of helper T cells

A

TH0, TH1, and TH2

56
Q

TH0-T cells

A

Precursor that can differentiate into the other two types

57
Q

TH1- T cells

A

Responds to antigens from infected cells [ex: cancer cells expressing mutated proteins]—activates cytotoxic T cells to destroy infected cells

Cell-mediated

58
Q

TH2- T cells

A

Responds to antigens in the bloodstream [bacterial & viral proteins]; activates B cells to produce antibodies; aids in having invaders engulfed by phagocytes

Humoral

59
Q

The two types of major histocompatibility complexes

A

Class I MHC- found on all nucleated cells (deals with intracellular pathogens)
Class II MHC- found only on antigen-presenting cells (deals with extracellular pathogens)

60
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex

A

Consists of membrane proteins with variable regions that can bind antigens; functions to present antigens on cell surfaces, providing targeting information for T cells

61
Q

What happens during MHC class I

A

Microbial proteins made in host cytoplasms are degraded; peptides are imported into the ER and loaded onto MHC class 1 molecules

62
Q

What happens during MHC class II

A

Microbial proteins made outside the cell are endocytosed in an endosome; they are then degraded and placed on MHC class II molecules

63
Q

T cell receptors bind antigens attached to MHC, triggering T cell ______________

A

Proliferation

64
Q

What happens to TH0 during a cell-mediated immune response

A

When the TH0 cell binds MHC II to an antigen presenting cell, it is activated to become a TH1 or TH2 (depending on the cytokines present) which leads to the proliferation [rapid production] of helper T cells and TH1 activates nearby cytotoxic T cells

Activated cytotoxic T cells bind MHC I present on all cells–once the cell a-p cell is infected, it must be destroyed. Cytotoxic T cells secrete perforin and toxic granzymes

65
Q

What happens to TH0 during a humoral immune response

A

When the TH0 cell binds MHC II to an antigen presenting cell, it is activated to become a TH2 cell. When B cells bind the antigen to antibodies, it stimulates B cell proliferation and differentiation— form plasma cells that prevent virus from binding to target cells and memory B cells that will reactivate if it binds to the antigen again.

66
Q

How many types of hypersensitivities are there

A

2

67
Q

Explain what happens during type I hypersensitivity

A

Mast cells degranulate and release histamine. This results in capillary expansion, production of prostaglandin, and an inflammatory response.

68
Q

When does type II hypersensitivity occur

A

When antibody binds to host cell surface antigens

69
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Inability to distinguish between self antigens and foreign antigens– occurs when immune system reacts to host cells; cytotoxic T cells can kill host cells that make self protein closely resembling a foreign antigen

70
Q

What are 3 examples of autoimmune diseases

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type I diabetes

71
Q

What are three types of immune tests

A

Precipitation, agglutination, and ELISA

72
Q

Precipitation test

A

Antigens and antibody mixed in the proper proportion form large complexes called precipitates

73
Q

Agglutination test

A

Cross-linking of antibodies with particulate antigens cause agglutination

74
Q

Agglutination

A

The clumping of insoluble particles

75
Q

What does ELISA stand for

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

76
Q

ELISA can detect antigens or antibodies present in _____________ and _____________ quantities

A

Nanogram & picogram

77
Q

Active immunization

A

Administration of antigens so patient actively mounts a protective immune response (ex: vaccine)

78
Q

Passive immunization

A

Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal

79
Q

What are the types of vaccines

A
  • Attenuated (live)
  • inactivated (killed)
  • toxoid
  • combination
80
Q

Risks of vaccines

A

Toxicity, allergic reactions, & residual virulence

81
Q

What are the practical applications of immune system understanding

A

Precipitation, agglutination, ELISA, and immunizations

Test 3 material (3 decks)

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