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Microbiology & Pathology > Pathogen groups > Flashcards

Pathogen groups Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What organisms cause pneumonia?

A
  • S. Pneumoniae (Gram +ve)
  • H. Influenzae (Gram -ve)
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2
Q

What tends to cause pneumonia in COPD?

A
  • Usual organisms
  • Moraxella
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3
Q

What usually causes pneumonia after flu?

A

S. Aureus

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4
Q

What organism causes severe, cavitating pneumonia?

A

Klebsiella (endogenous from own oropharynx)

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5
Q

What organisms cause atypical pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma
Clamydophila pneumonia
CI Psittaci

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6
Q

What tends to cause pneumonia is bronchiectasis/CF?

A

P. Aeruginosa (almost impossible to get rid of, gram -ve rod)
Burkholderia

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7
Q

What causes legionnaires disease? What can it cause?

A

L. Pneumophila (Gram -ve motile rod)
Lives in warm water but water has to be aerosolised
Severe = renal failure, septic shock, GI features, relative bradycardia (normal HR with pyrexia)

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8
Q

What antibiotics should be given in pneumonia?

A

Mild: Amoxicillin/Doxy/Clari
Moderate: Amoxicillin + macrolide
Severe: Co-Amox + Macrolide

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9
Q

What are the types of influenza?

A

A (most severe)
B
C

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10
Q

How does influenza change?

A

Antigenic Drift & Shift
- Drift: Slight change still partially immune to
- Shift: Dramatic change no longer immune

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11
Q

What can cause meningitis in neonates?

A

Group B Strep
Listeria
E.Coli (Gram- ve rod)
Viral: Herpes Simplex

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12
Q

What’s the most common cause of meningitis?

A

Bacterial: Group B
Viral Most common cause, CMV in immunosuppressive

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13
Q

What do you see on an LP in someone with meningitis?

A

> 10-20cm H20 (raised pressure in meningitis)
White cells <5 (raised)
Protein <0.4
Glucose >50% serum glucose (low in bacterial meningitis)

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14
Q

What is used for meningitis prophylaxis?

A

Dexamethasone
Ciprofloxacin
Rifampicin (Nisseria)

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15
Q

Why are steroids used in meningitis trreatment?

A

Morbidity not due to bacterial infection but the inflammatory reaction. Immune response to release of bacterial debris is what is most common cause of morbidity

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16
Q

How is Hep A transmitted?

A

Face-oral route:
Usually contaminated water (including shellfish)
Direct contact
Male-male sex

17
Q

What are the Sx of Hep A?

A

4/52 incubation
Flu-like prodrome
Anorexia
Nausea
Malaise - 2/12
Fatigue
Jaundice & dark urine (come 1/52 after above Sx)

18
Q

How is Hep A diagnosed?

A

HAV IgM

19
Q

How can you protect against Hep A?

A

Vaccine- 2 doses 6months apart usually before travel gives 10yr protection

20
Q

What are the complications of chronic Hep B?

A

Cirrhosis
Heptaoma
30% active hepatitis

21
Q

How is chronic Hep B cleared?

A

Interferon

22
Q

Which antibody appears first in Hep B infection?

A

Anti- HBc

23
Q

What does it mean if anti-HBs is detected?

A

Previous infection
Vaccination
No longer infectious

24
Q

What does HBsAg detection mean?

A

Earliest marker of infection
In Absence if e-antigen may indicate carrier

25
Q

What does HBeAg detection mean?

A

Marker of infectivity
Most infective patients- risk to staff
Disappearance = marker of recovery

26
Q

What does Anti-HBc detection mean?

A

Persists for life
Both carriers & cleared infection
May still be infective

27
Q

How is Hep C diagnosed? How is it treated?

A

Serology/PCR
Antivirals

28
Q

What is the complication of Hep C?

A

Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma

29
Q

Which Strep subgroups are alpha-haemolytic?

A

Strep Viridans (tooth decay & endocarditis)
Strep Pneumoniae

30
Q

Which Strep subgroups are beta-haemolytic?

A

Strep Pyogenes
Group A (Cellulitis, nec fasc, pneumonia, bacteraemia, pharyngitis)
Group B (in pregnancy)

31
Q

What immune mediated diseases can be caused by Group A Strep?

A

Glomerulonephritis
Rheumatic fever
Guttate psoriasis

32
Q

What are the Sx of TSS?

A

High fever
Hypotension
Erythema
Multi-organ failure
Renal impairment
Diarrhoea
Confusion
Caused by the toxin produced usually by Staph or Strep

33
Q

What are the 2 main types of Staph?

A

Staph Aureus (Coagulase positive)
Staph Epidermidis (Coagulase negative)

34
Q

Where does Staph live? How can it cause an infection?

A

Lives on the skin, requires break in skin to become pathogenic:
Wound sepsis
Abscesses
Septic arthritis
Osteomyelitis

35
Q

Where do you tend to find the different types of infections?

A

Gram -ve: Perineum, below the waist
Gram +ve: Below knee, above waist

36
Q

How is TB treated?

A

4 drugs:
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide

Microbiology & Pathology (6 decks)

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