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A_PLE > PATHO_CNS-CELL > Flashcards

PATHO_CNS-CELL Flashcards

1
Q

Principal functional unit of the CNS

A

Neurons

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2
Q

These are NEURONS incapable of cell division, so destruction of even a small number of neurons essential for a specific function may leave the individual with a neurologic deficit.

A

Mature neurons

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3
Q

Cells present in certain regions of the brain and have been shown to respond to injury by generating new neurons

A

Neural progenitor cells (NPCs)

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3
Q

Cells of the CNS that give rise to many, if not all, of the glial and neuronal cell types

A

Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to

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4
Q

Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes

A

In addition to neurons, the CNS contains others cells (2) which make up the glia

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5
Q

Ischemia and Infection

A

2 common insults of the CNS

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6
Q

What cell injury showed these reactions?

Acute process
Depletion of oxygen or glucose
Trauma
Slower process (assoc. w/ accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates - degenerative DO)

A

Neurons/Neuronal injury

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7
Q

These cells require continuous supply of oxygen and glucose to meet metabolic needs

A

Neurons

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8
Q

Neurons require continuous supply of (1) and (2) to meet metabolic needs

A

These cells require continuous supply of oxygen and glucose to meet metabolic needs

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9
Q

What cell injury showed these reactions?

Accumulation of misfolded proteins (Proteinopathies)

A

Neuronal injury

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10
Q

What injury showed these reactions?

Spectrum of changes that accompany ACUTE CNS hypoxia/ischemia or other ACUTE insults and reflect earliest morphologic NEURONAL cell deaths.

RED NEURONS are evident by 12-24 hours after the insult

A

Acute neuronal injury (red neurons)

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11
Q

What injury showed these reactions?

Morphology:
Shrinkage of the cell body
Pyknosis of the nucleus
Disappearance of the nucleolus
Loss of Nissl substance with intense EOSINOPHILIA of the cytoplasm

A

Acute neuronal injury (red neurons)

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12
Q

What injury showed these reactions?

Neuronal death occurring as a result of PROGRESSIVE disease of some DURATION, as is certain SLOWLY EVOLVING neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and AD

A

Subacute and chronic neuronal injury (degenerative)

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13
Q

What injury showed these reactions?

Histo:
Cell loss (apoptotic death)
Reactive gliosis (best indicator for neuronal injury)

A

Subacute and chronic neuronal injury (degenerative)

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14
Q

What injury showed these reactions?

Changed observed in the CELL BODY during regeneration of the AXON, best seen in ANTERIOR HORN CELLS of spinal cord when motor axons are cut or seriously damaged

A

Axonal reaction

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15
Q

What injury showed these reactions?

Increased protein synthesis associated with AXONAL sprouting
Rounding up of the cell body
Peripheral displacement of nucleus
Enlargement of nucleolus
Dispersion of Nissl substance from the center to the periphery of the cell (central chromatolysis)

A

Axonal reaction

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16
Q

May occur as a manifestation of aging, when there are intracytoplasmic accumulations of complex lipids (lipofuscin) proteins, or carbohydrates

A

Neuronal inclusions

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17
Q

Abnormal intranuclear inclusions (Cowdry body) seen in what viral infection

A

Herpetic infection

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18
Q

Abnormal cytoplasmic inclusions (Negri body) seen in what viral infection

A

Rabies

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19
Q

Abnormal cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions seen in what viral infection

A

Cytomegalovirus infection

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20
Q

Abnormal intracytoplasmic inclusions (Neurofibrillary tangles) seen in what degenerative disease?

A

AD

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21
Q

Abnormal intracytoplasmic inclusions (Lewy body) seen in what degenerative disease?

A

PD

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22
Q

Abnormal vacuolization of the perikaryon and neuronal cell processes in the neuropil

A

CJD

23
Q

Star-shaped cell

A

Astrocyte

23
Q

Most important histopathologic indicator of CNS injury, regardless of etiology, characterized by HYPERTROPHY and HYPERPLASIA of astrocytes

A

Gliosis

Astrocyte injury

24
Q

These cells have
Multipolar branching cytoplasmic processes that emanate from the cell body and contain glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

A

Astrocytes

24
Q

These cells act as METABOLIC buffers and detoxifiers within the brain

Contribute to barrier functions controlling the flow of macromolecules between the blood, CSF, and brain

A

Astrocytes

25
Q

Nuclei of astrocytes (round to oval) with evenly distributed, pale chromatin, ENLARGE. become vesicular, and develop prominent nucleoli

A

Gliosis

25
Q

Cells swollen with hyaline. PINK cytoplasm that is reactive for GFAP

A

Gemistocytic astrocyte

26
Q

Characterized by a significant gemitocytes population which are large cells with their cytoplasm filled with eosinophilic material displacing nucleus eccentrically

A

Gemistocytic astrocytoma

26
Q

Cells that previously have scant cytoplasm expands to a BRIGHT PINK somewhat irregular swath around ECCENTRIC NUCLEUS from which emerge numerous stout ramifying processes

A

Gemistocytic astrocyte

27
Q

Cells visually characterized by
-ENLARGED size and lack of cytoplasm

A

Alzheimer type II astrocyte

27
Q

Gray matter cell with
-LARGE (2-3x normal) nucleus
-PALE staining central chromatin
-intranuclear GLYCOGEN droplet
-prominent nuclear membrane and nucleolus

A

Alzheimer type II astrocyte

28
Q

Alzheimer type II astrocyte is seen in what diseases of the LIVER (3)

A

-long-standing hyperammonemia due to chronic liver disease
-Wilson disease
-metabolic disorders of the urea cycle

28
Q

Cells involve?

-long-standing hyperammonemia due to chronic liver disease
-Wilson disease
-metabolic disorders of the urea cycle

A

Alzheimer type II astrocyte

29
Q

Thick elongated brightly eosinophilic irregular structures that occur within astrocytic processes, and contain two heat-shock proteins (aB-crystallin and hsp27) as well as ubiquitin

A

Rosenthal fibers

30
Q

One type of glial tumor
MC childhood brain tumor and most often found in the posterior fossa

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

30
Q

Typically found in regions of LONG-STANDING gliosis

A

Rosenthal fibers

31
Q

A leukodystrophy, associated with mutations in the gene encoding GFAP, abundant Rosenthal fibers are found in the periventricular, perivascular, and subpial locations.

A

Alexander disease

32
Q

Polyglucosan aggregates that appear mainly in the periventricular, perivascular, and subpial regions of the brain during aging

A

Corpora amylacea

33
Q

These are round faintly basophilic periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive concentrically lamellated structures that are located wherever there are ASTROCYTIC END PROCESSES, esp in the subpial and perivascular zones.

Consist of glycosaminoglycan polymers as well as heat-shock proteins and ubiquitin.

Occur in increasing numbers with advancing age and are thought to represent degenerative change in the astrocyte

A

Corpora amylacea

34
Q

Seen in the cytoplasm of neurons (as well as hepatocytes, myocytes, and other cells) in myoclonic epilepsy

A

Lafora bodies

35
Q

Mesoderm-deprived phagocytic cells that serve as the resident macrophage of the CNS

A

Microglia

36
Q

Microglia share many surface markers with peripheral monocytes/macrophages such as (2)

A

CR3 and CD68

37
Q

What cell injury showed these reactions?

-proliferating
-developing elongated nuclei (rod cells) as in neurosyphilis
-forming aggregates around small foci or tissue necrosis (microglial nodules)
-congregating around CB of dying nucleus (neuronophagia)

A

Microglia/Microglial injury

38
Q

Cells that wrap their cytoplasmic processes around axons and form myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes

39
Q

Cells in the CNS that myelinates NUMEROUS internodes on MULTIPLE axons

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells

A

Oligodendrocytes

40
Q

Cells in the PNS which has one-to-one correspondence between cells and internodes

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells

A

Schwann cells

40
Q

Injury or apoptosis of OLIGODENDROGLIAL CELLS is a feature of what DO and dystropy

A

Acquired demyelinating DO
Leukodystrophy

40
Q

Here, OLIGODENDROGLIAL nuclei harbor viral inclusions

Hint:Encephalopathy

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

41
Q

Glial cytoplasmic inclusions (primarily composed of a-synuclein) are found in OLIGODENDROCYTES

A

Multiple system atrophy (MSA)

42
Q

When there is inflammation or marked dilation of the VENTRICULAR system, disruption of the ependymal lining is paired with proliferation of subependymal astrocytes to produce small irregularities on the ventricles called

A

Ependymal granulations

42
Q

Ciliated columnar epithelial cells lining the ventricles

A

Ependymal cells

43
Q

Show morphologic changes including HYPERTROPHY of the cytoplasm, accumulation of intermediate filament protein (GFAP) and HYPERPLASIA

Hint: Cells

A

Astrocytes

43
Q

Commonly results in cell death, either apoptosis or necrosis. Loss of neurons that is difficult to detect without formal quantification may still contribute to dysfunction

Hint: Injury

A

Neuronal injury

44
Q

Resident monocyte-lineage population of the CNS, proliferate and accumulate in response to injury

Hint: Cells

A

Microglia

44
Q
A

A_PLE (4 decks)

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