PATHO_CNS

Question 1

The result of increased fluid leakage from blood vessels or injury to various cells of the CNS.

Cerebral Edema
Hydrocephalus
Raised Intracranial Pressure and Herniation

Answer 1

Cerebral edema (more precisely, brain parenchymal edema)

Question 2

An increase in extracellular fluid caused by blood-brain barrier disruption and increased
vascular permeability, allowing fluid to shift from the intravascular compartment to the intercellular spaces of the brain.

Vasogenic edema
Cytotoxic edema

Answer 2

Vasogenic edema

Question 3

May be either localized (e.g., adjacent to inflammation or neoplasms) or generalized, as can follow ischemic injury.

Answer 3

Vasogenic edema

Question 4

The paucity of lymphatics greatly impairs the
resorption of excess extracellular fluid.

Answer 4

Vasogenic edema

Question 5

An increase in intracellular fluid secondary to neuronal, glial, or endothelial cell membrane
injury, as might be encountered in someone with a generalized hypoxic/ischemic insult or with a metabolic derangement that prevents maintenance of the normal
membrane ionic gradient.

Vasogenic edema
Cytotoxic edema

Answer 5

Cytotoxic edema

Question 6

Occurs especially around the lateral ventricles when an increase in intravascular pressure causes an abnormal flow of fluid from the
intraventricular CSF across the ependymal lining to the periventricular white matter

Vasogenic edema
Cytotoxic edema
Interstitial edema (hydrocephalic edema)

Answer 6

Interstitial edema (hydrocephalic edema)

Question 7

The gyri are flattened, the intervening sulci are narrowed, and the ventricular cavities are compressed. As the brain expands, herniation may occur

Vasogenic edema
Cytotoxic edema
Interstitial edema (hydrocephalic edema)
Generalized edema

Answer 7

Generalized edema

Question 8

The accumulation of excessive CSF
within the ventricular system

Cerebral Edema
Hydrocephalus
Raised Intracranial Pressure and Herniation

Answer 8

Hydrocephalus

Question 9

Most cases of __________ are a consequence of:

• Impaired flow and resorption of CSF; overproduction is a rare cause that can
  accompany tumors of the choroid plexus

An increased volume of CSF within the ventricles expands them and can elevate the intracranial pressure

Cerebral Edema
Hydrocephalus
Raised Intracranial Pressure and Herniation

Answer 9

Hydrocephalus