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Adv Patho & Pharm 2018 > Patho Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Patho Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Loss of distrophin protein leads to muscle tissue degeneration; genetic disease with adolescent onset

A

Muscular dystrophy

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2
Q

Autoimmune destruction of ACh receptors; muscle weakness worsens through the day

A

myasthnia gravis

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3
Q

inflammatory mononeuropathy causing loss of fine motor and pincer grip in hand

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

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4
Q

inflammatory demylination causing progressive muscle weakness, often preceded by an illness

A

Guillian Barre

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5
Q

slow degenerative disease of substantia nigra causes a decrease in dopamine activity and unopposed ACh activity; impairment of extrapyrimidal tracts inhibits ability to coordinate and control movement

A

Parkinson’s disease

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6
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A

*first can be loss of sense of smell, can precede rest by years

Resting tremors, pill-rolling

Muscle rigidity and bradykinesia, dec arm swing

Poor balance, shiffling gait, stooped posture

Loss of facial expression, soft voice

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7
Q

chronic, progressive, exacerbating/remitting demylination of CNS tracts leading to many symptoms including weakness, pain, and cognitive impairment

A

Multiple sclerosis

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8
Q

preganglionic fibers travel to ganglia close to organs before synapsing with shorter postganglionic neurons

A

Parasympathetic NS

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9
Q

cell bodies in craniosacral areas of SC

A

PNS

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10
Q

preganglionic axons synapse shortly after leaving SC in sympathetic ganglia; long postganglionic fibers branch so multiple organs can respond at once; exception is innervation of adrenal medulla, which bypasses ganglia for immediate effect

A

sympathetic NS

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11
Q

SNS meds cause more side effects because

A

their action is more systemic; PNS action is more specific to target organ

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12
Q

released by adrenal medulla and postganglionic sympathetic fibers

A

norepinephrine

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13
Q

NT synthesized in substantia nigra and ventral tegmental areas of brain; precursor or NE;

A

dopamine

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14
Q

all purpose NT released by SNS preganglionic fibers, PNS pre and post fibers, and motor neurons

A

acetylcholine

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15
Q

alpha 1 SNS reception effects

A

*Vasoconstriction*

peripheral arterial constriction

decreased GI and urinary motility

release of Renin from kidneys

pupil dilation

arrector pili

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16
Q

alpha 2 SNS receptor effects

A

*The Regulator*

slows CNS during times of stress to promote clear thinking

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17
Q

PNS muscarinic M2 and M3 receptor effects

A

M2: decreases heart rate at the SA and AV node

M3: acts on smooth muscle in organs

increased GI motility

increased urinary motility promoting bladder constriction and sphincter relaxation

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18
Q

SNS Beta 1 receptor effects

A

Acts on HEART

to increase rate, conduction velocity, contractility, and automaticity

(also works on glands to dec saliva and inc sweat)

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19
Q

Beta 2 SNS receptor effects

A

Acts on LUNGS

*Bronchodilation*

dilates arteries in skeletal muscle

decreased GI motility (relaxes muscles in bladder and GI)

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20
Q

Beta 3 SNS receptor effects

A

Acts on adipose tissue

to mobilize for gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

vagus nerve effects

A

decreased heart rate

bronchoconstriction

stimulates peristalsis and acid secretion

stimulates bile release

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22
Q

simple vs. complex seizure

A

Simple: consciousness is not impaired

Complex: consciousness is impaired

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23
Q

automatism (repetitive movements like smacking lips) occurs in

A

complex partial seizures

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24
Q

partial vs. generalized seizure

A

partial: restricted to one hemisphere
generalized: both hemispheres

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25
Q

incidence of stroke greatly increases after

A

75 year of age

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26
Q

excitatory CNS NT

A

glutamate

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27
Q

inhibitory CNS NT

A

GABA

28
Q

seizures are a dysfunction of

A

ion channels. paroxysmal discharges from groups of neurons

29
Q

in epileptics, this is low

A

seizure threshold; neurons are hyperexcitable

30
Q

There’s 2-4 hours to save this salvagable tissue around the core of infarction in a stroke

A

penumbra

31
Q

severe unilateral headache with nausea and vomiting

A

brain tumor

32
Q

fever, HA, AMS, neck stiffness, n/v, photophobia

A

CNS infection

33
Q

severe HA with or without photophobia, younger age

A

migraine

34
Q

confusion with or without loss of consciousness, incontinence, tongue biting, tonic-clonic movements

A

seizure

35
Q

sudden onset severe HA with photophobia

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

36
Q

generalized dizziness, and diaphoresis with or without hearing loss

A

vertigo

37
Q

hyperreflexia and spasticity occur in

A

upper motor neuron lesions

38
Q

hyporeflexia, fasciculations, and atrophy occur in

A

lower motor neuron lesios (peripheral NS)

39
Q

motor neuron degeneration with muscle weakness and hyperreflexia, no sensory loss; loss of speech, swallow, respiration, death in 2-5 years

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

40
Q

spinal nerve root disease signified by radiating pain that can “shoot” down extremities

A

radiculopathy; can be caused by disk herniation, trauma, or degenerative changes (OA)

41
Q

Gram positive characteristics

A

thick peptidoglycan layer in cell wall

only one membrane (inner; outer and inner in Gm-)

techoic acid in CW (induces inflamm response)

42
Q

Gram negative characteristics

A

thin PG layer

two membranes (outer and inner)

larger periplasmic space (houses beta lactamases)

43
Q

can live with or without oxygen

A

facultative anaerobes

44
Q

bind to MHC II and T cells to overpromote immune reponse; induces AI activity (Kawasaki’s disease, toxic shock, rheumatic fever)

A

superantigens

45
Q

Probable causative organism:

impetigo

A

Staph aureus

46
Q

Probable causative organism:

AOM

A

viral

Strep, moraxella, Hib

47
Q

Probable causative organism: cellulitis

A

Staph aureus

48
Q

Probable causative organism: periorbital cellulitis

A

Strep pneumoniae

Staph aureus

*medical emergency, infection can travel up optic nerve to brain

49
Q

Probable causative organism: pharyngitis

A

viral-adenovirus

strep pyogenes (group A)

EBV, coxackie, herpes

50
Q

Probable causative organism: UTI/pyelo

A

E. coli

Klebsiella

Proteus

51
Q

Probable causative organism:

bronchitis

A

usually viral (RSV, adenovirus, coxackie, Flu, rhinovirus)

52
Q

Probable causative organism: CAP, 6 mos-5yrs

A

RSV, parainfluenza

53
Q

Probable causative organism:

CAP, school age kids

A

mycoplasma, Flu A

54
Q

Probable causative organism: CAP, young adult

A

mycoplasma

55
Q

Probable causative organism:

CAP, older adult

A

Hib, Strep pneumo

56
Q

thick consolidation on CXR means it’s probably

A

bacterial

57
Q

patchy, diffuse consolidation on CXR means it’s probably

A

viral

58
Q

Acetylcholine action in CNS

A

Neuromodulator, not exactly excitatory or inhibitory

helps encode new memories

promotes neuroplasicity

triages responses: is immediate action needed?

(low ACh –> dementia)

59
Q

these drugs are GABA mimetics

A

benzodiazepines

60
Q

high levels of this NT in CNS can lead to toxicity, cell death, seizures

A

glutamic acid

61
Q

pain neurotransmitter of the dorsal (sensory) horn of the SC; involved in emotional response to pain

released during inflammation and nerve damage

A

substance p

62
Q

neuropeptides that act on opioid receptors to reduce the perception of pain

A

endorphins

63
Q

where do endorphins come from?

A

produced by pituitary and hypothalamus, induced by exercise, excitement, sex ,love, spicy food

64
Q

Protein deposits (Lewy bodies) develop in CNS–> Lewy body dementia. What are the early symptoms?

A

difficulty making decisions

visual hallucinations of animals and children

65
Q
A

Adv Patho & Pharm 2018 (5 decks)

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