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Nurse Practioner MSN > Patho: Pulmonary and Renal > Flashcards

Patho: Pulmonary and Renal Flashcards

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1
Q

Urine does not reflux (flow back up) into the ureter because:
A. The ureter smooth muscle contracts and closes off during micturition
B. The ureter has a valve at the bladder end that prevents reflux
C. Peristalsis in the ureter prevents reflux
D. The lower end of the ureter compressed by the detrusor muscle during micturition

A

D

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2
Q 
Your patient presents with a respiratory infection localized pain in the left side of the chest, combined with audible friction rub heard with your stethoscope that just began the past few days. Patient has decreased breath sounds and dullness to percussion to that area. A mediastinal shift was seen on the X-ray. Your most likely diagnosis is: 
A. Pericarditis
B. A large pleural effusion
C. Acute MI
D. COPD
A

B

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3
Q

Kussmaul breathing is best described as :
A. Gasping upon waking from sleep
B. Dyspnea upon lying flat in patients with heart failure
C. Increasing volume of breath in consecutive breaths which peak and then diminish in volume until a period of apnea occurs, then repeat
D. Slightly increased ventilatory rate with very large tidal volumes and no expiratory pause

A

D

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4
Q 
A 1 year old child present with tachypnea, labored breathing and wheezing following onset of what appears to be a cold/viral infection.  The most likely diagnosis at this time is:
A. Empyema
B. Emphysema
C. Pneumoconiosis
D. Bronchiolitis
A

D

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5
Q 
The most common feature as a result of hyperventilation is:
A. Acidosis
B. Hypocapnia
C. Hypercapnia
D. Clubbing of fingers
A

B

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6
Q 
The principal cells function to: 
A. Reabsorb glucose
B. Resorb Na+ and secrete K+ 
C. Resorb K+ and secrete H+
D. Secrete renin
A

B

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7
Q

Which of the following does NOT increase airway resistance (increase the work of breathing)?

a. Bronchoconstriction
b. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system effects on the airways
c. … of the bronchial mucous
d. Mucus collecting in the ….

A

B

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8
Q 
The structure that acts as a switching mechanism allowing food and fluid to go the  esophagus rather than the trachea and is able to close and hold our breath is: 
A. Carina
B. Hiking
C. Larynx
D. Nasopharynx
A

C

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9
Q

The normal fasting plasma glucose is 100mg/dl, and the renal threshold is 300mg/dl, If the plasma concentration doubles to 200mg/dl then:
A. The rate at which glucose is reabsorbed will double
B. The capacity of the renal tubule for transport glucose will be exceeded
C. Urinary water excretion will increase
D. Glucose clearance will increase
E. The filtered load of glucose is halved

A

A

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10
Q

Which of the following is True regarding Acute Respiratory Syndrome (ARDS)
A. It is caused by injury to the bronchioles
B. It can cause severe pulmonary edema
C. It is most commonly caused by exposure to inhaled irritants
D. Macrophage and neutrophils are not involved in the response

A

B

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11
Q

Because sweat is essentially a salt solution with an osmolarity lower than that of plasma, severe sweating leads to a reduction in plasma volume and an increase in osmolarity. How do these changes affect the secretion of ADH?
A. The decrease in plasma volume inhibits ADH secretion, but the increase in plasma osmolarity stimulates it
B. The decrease in plasma volume stimulates ADH secretion, but the increase in plasma osmolarity inhibits it
C. Both the decrease in plasma volume and the increase in plasma osmolarity stimulates ADH secretion
D. Both the decrease in plasma volume and the increase in plasma osmolarity inhibits ADH secretion

A

C

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12
Q

All of the following are findings consistent with pulmonary fibrosis EXCEPT:

a. Increased lung compliance
b. Chronic inflammation of the lung
c. Decreased vital capacity?

A

A

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13
Q 
Which of the following is a symptom of chronic renal failure?
A. Hypotension
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypernatremia
A

C

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14
Q

The biggest stimulus (driver) of renin release is:
A. Decreased Na+ concentration in the distal tubules
B. Increased blood pressure
C. Increased renal artery flow rate
D. Low oxygen levels in the renal blood

A

A

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15
Q 
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a complete, forceful exhalation is termed the:
A. Functional residual capacity
B. Residual volume
C. Expiratory reserve volume
D. Tidal volume
A

B

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16
Q 
The vital capacity is comprised of all of the following volumes EXCEPT:
A. Residual volume
B. Tidal volume
C. Inspiratory reserve volume
D. Expiratory reserve volume
A

A

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17
Q

Which of the following would be expected to trigger a decrease in the secretion of ADH?
A. Ingestion of a large amount of pure water
B. Sweating
C. Hemorrhage
D. Ingestion of a large quantity of salty food
E. Both A and C

A

A

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18
Q 
The main neural control center coordinating ventilation during quiet breathing is the:
A. Apneustic center
B. Pneumotaxic center
C. Dorsal respiratory group 
D. Ventral respiratory group
A

C

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19
Q 
The pulmonary disease most associated with permanent enlargement of acini due to loss of elastic tissue and inflammatory remodeling (without obvious addition of connective tissue) with air trapping is: (Hint: could also be a result of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficit)
A. Pulmonary fibrosis
B. Pleuritis (pleurisy) 
C. Asthma
D. Emphysema
A

D

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20
Q 
The space between the lungs that include the heart, esophagus, and the great vessels is termed
A. Nasopharynx
B. Carina 
C. Hilum
D. Mediastinum
A

D

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21
Q 
Ventilations that increase in volume until a peak, followed by decreasing volumes until a period of apnea occurs, then repeats is best described as what breathing pattern?
A. Cheyne-Stokes respirations
B. Kussmaul breathing
C. Orthopnea
D. Exercise induced dyspnea
A

A

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22
Q

The compliance within the apex of the lung of a standing person would be ___ than the base of the lung.
A. Greater Than
B. Lesser Than
C. Equal

A

B

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23
Q

Which of the following statements about pneumonia is INCORRECT?
A. Pneumonia is an upper respiratory tract infection
B. Pneumonia is frequently preceded by a viral infection
C. Pneumococcal (streptococcus pneumoniae) is the most common and lethal cause of pneumonia
D. Signs and symptoms include tachypnea, tachycardia, decreased oxygenation and infiltrates on X-ray

A

A

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24
Q

Urodilantin is a natriuretic peptide and as such has what effect on the kidneys/nephrons?
A. It causes a rise in blood pressure
B. It enhances Na+ secretion and K+ retention
C. It stimulates glucose retention and transport
D. It enhances Na+ retention and K+ secretion

A

B

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25
Q

Which of the following is an inhibitor of stone formation?
A. Phosphate
B. Uromodulin (Tamm Horsfall proteins)
C. Aluminum
D. Decreased fluid and increased protein intake

A

B

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26
Q 
The effects of oxygen saturation on CO2 binding to hemoglobin is termed the \_\_\_ effect
A. Haldane
B. Bohr
C. Bohrophil
D. Root
A

A

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27
Q

A pulmonary embolus creating alveolar dead space will likely have which of the following effects?

a. Shunt with very low V/Q ratio – WRONG
b. Increased pulmonary compliance?
c. High V/Q ratio
d. Pulsus paradoxus

A

C

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28
Q 
The low hydrostatic pressure, high oncotic (osmotic) pressure vessels that allow for resorption of valuable substances form the filtrate are the:
A. Peritubular capillaries
B. Vasa recta 
C. Afferent arterioles
D. Bowman capsule
A

A

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29
Q

Edema at the alveolar capillary membrane is a problem because
A. Indicates cancerous changes
B. Restricts perfusion of the alveolus
C. It interferes with normal gas exchange
D. It decreases airway resistance in that area

A

C

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30
Q 
Which of the following is the most common type of kidney stone?
A. Xanthine
B. Struvite
C. Uric Acid
D. Calcium oxalate
A

D

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31
Q 
Which of the following signs/symptoms best fits a patient presenting with chronic hypoxia as a result of pulmonary fibrosis?
A. Cheyne-stokes breathing
B. Hypoventilation 
C. Hypocapnia
D. Clubbing of the fingers
A

D

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32
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis is most likely to result in all of the following except
A. thickening of the alveolocapillary membrane
B. Decreased diffusing capacity in the lungs
C. Hypoxemia
D. Oxygen toxicity

A

D

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33
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a consistent finding in nephrotic syndrome?
A. Edema
B. Hypertension and vasoconstriction
C. Hyperlipidemia
D. Hypoalbuminemia
A

B

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34
Q

In response to high alveolar PO2 (PaO2), which of the following will NOT occur?
A. Pulmonary artery vasoconstriction
B. Bronchiolar constriction to that alveolus
C. Increased perfusion of that alveolus
D. All of the above

A

A

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35
Q 
Which of the following is a risk factor for post obstructive diuresis?
A. Dehydration
B. Hypertension
C. Unilateral obstruction
D. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
A

B

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36
Q

How is most of the CO2 transported in the blood?
A. Dissolved in the plasma
B. Bound to proteins such as hemoglobin
C. As bicarbonate that can be converted back to CO2
D. The answer is different in arterial than in venous blood

A

C

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37
Q

The pores of Kohn play a role in:

a. Allowing plasma to leak from the capillary to the interstitium
b. Connecting the right lung to the left lung
c. Allowing blood flow to be evenly spread throughout the lungs
d. Allowing air to pass from one alveoli to another, allowing equal distribution of air

A

D

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38
Q

Which of the following pulmonary conditions would not be considered as an Acute Lung Injury (ALI)/ acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
A. Sepsis leading to pulmonary dysfunction and hypoxemia
B. Multiple traumas leading to pulmonary dysfunction/ hypoxemia
C. Aortic stenosis leading to left sided heart failure and pulmonary dysfunction/hypoxemia
D. Aspiration pneumonia leading to pulmonary dysfunction and hypoxemia

A

C

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39
Q

An increase in renal vein, and thus capillary, hydrostatic pressure is most likely to have what effect on the GFR?

A

Decreases GFR

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40
Q 
The area where blood is filtered and proteins are generally separated from the plasma is the:
A. Bowman's capsule
B. Proximal convoluted tubule
C. Peritubular capillaries
D. Glomerulus
A

D

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41
Q 
The sodium (NA+) sending cells in the distal tubules are the 
A. Mesangial cells
B. Principal cells
C. Macula densa
D. Juxtaglomerular cell
A

C

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42
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone works by:
A. Blocking the flow of water out of the filtrate
B. Incorporating aquaporins into the distal tubule and collecting ducts, making them permeable
C. Stimulating Na+ secretion into the filtrate
D. Stimulating the Na+, K+, ATPase pumps

A

B

43
Q 
Enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces due to an upper urinary tract obstruction would best be termed a(n):
A. Hydronephrosis
B. Acute tubular necrosis
C. Glomerulonephritis
D. Pyelonephritis
A

A

44
Q 
Which of the following is NOT part of Virchow’s triad in the development of thrombi and emboli?
A. Hypercoagulability of blood
B. Stasis of blood
C. Endothelial damage
D. Immune system activation
A

D

45
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with pulmonary edema?
A. Pulmonary hypertension
B. Pulmonary fibrosis
C. Right-sided heart failure from tricuspid prolapse
D. Acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

C

46
Q 
A patient presents with flank pain and anuria followed by polyuria after undergoing catheterization of the ureters.  What is the most likely cause of this condition?
A. Acute tubular necrosis
B. Prerenal acute renal failure
C. Postrenal acute renal failure
D. Intrarenal acute renal failure
A

C

47
Q 
The pyramids contain the collecting ducts that drain through the papilla and are collected by the 
A. Calyx (calyces)
B. Cortex
C. Distal tubules
D. Hilus
A

A

48
Q

Which signs and symptoms best fit nephritic syndrome?
A. Hematuria with casts, HTN, and mild proteinuria
B. Significant protein loss and peripheral edema
C. Increase red blood cell count
D. Hyperlipidemia and proteinuria with hypertension

A

A

49
Q 
Along with respiratory bronchioles, the ---- is a thin walled balloon-liked structure that acts as the primary unit of gas exchange
A. Alveolus
B. Pore of Kohn
C. Clara cell
D. Bronchus
A

A

50
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the pathophysiology of asthma?
A. IgA is a major factor
B. There is decreased vascular permeability
C. Inflammation results in hyperresponsiveness
D. The inflammatory process is caused by the loss of bronchial smooth muscle spasm

A

C

51
Q 
Chronic inflammation of the bronchial wall, with destruction of the elastic and muscular components best describes
A. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 
B. Bronchiectasis
C. Empyema
D. Pleural effusion
A

B

52
Q 
Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II?
A. Na+ retention
B. Increased blood volume
C. Systemic vasoconstriction
D. Cardiac and vascular hypertrophy
E. Reduced aldosterone release
A

E

53
Q

What helps to keep the expansion forces of the chest wall and the contracting forces of the alveoli/lungs linked so that the lung does not collapse and the chest does not expand further?
A. The intercostal muscles
B. Surfactant
C. The carina
D. The negative pressure in the pleural cavity

A

D

54
Q 
Which of the following muscles is NOT associated with inspirations?
A. Internal intercostals
B. Diaphragm
C. Sternocleidomastoid
D. Scalene muscles
A

A

55
Q 
Acidosis will \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin and thus would be considered a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
A. Increase, right
B. Increase, left
C. Decrease, right
D.Decrease, left
A

C

56
Q 
Your patient presents with acute onset and worsening chest pain, dyspnea, mediastinal shift on x-ray and tachypnea. The most likely diagnostic fit for this patient's presentation is:
A. Tuberculosis
B. Tension pneumothorax
C. Pneumoconiosis?
D. Asthma
A

B

57
Q

The creatinine clearance rate is a measure that typically is used to evaluate:
A. The GFR
B. The ability of the nephrons to secrete substances into the urine
C. The ability of the nephron to reabsorb substances back from the urine
D. The nephrons ability to concentrate urine

A

A

58
Q

In response to low alveolar PO2 (pAO2):
A. Bronchioles leading to that alveolus will constrict
B. Vascular smooth muscle controlling flow that alveolus will constrict
C. Central chemoreceptors will be activated.
D. Both A and B (bronchoconstriction & vasoconstriction of that alveolus

A

B

59
Q

What effect would acidemia at the alveolar level have on the pulmonary artery?

a. Increased blood flow to that area (vasodilation)
b. Decreased blood flow (vasoconstriction) to that area
c. No effect of blood flow
d. Vasodilation combined with decreased ventilation to the area

A

B

60
Q

What effect would decreased compliance have on ventilation?
A. It would not have any effect
B. The increased stiffness would make inspiration more difficult
C. The decreased compliance would make inflation easier and cause a barrel chest
D. It would make breathing easier

A

B

61
Q

While most alveolar perfusion is under control of local humoral conditions, widespread decrease in PaO2 (alveolar O2) is likely to result in:

a. Bronchoconstriction
b. Pulmonary artery constriction (pulmonary hypertension)
c. Increased blood flow to the lungs
d. All of the above

A

B

62
Q 
Which of the following does not have cartilage as part of its structure?
A. Right mainstem bronchus
B. Respiratory bronchioles
C. Trachea
D. Segmental bronchi
A

B

63
Q

Which of the following does not favor a large glomerular filtration rate?
A. Fenestrations
B. High glomerular filtration pressure
C. High resistance in the afferent arterioles
D. High resistance in the efferent arterioles

A

C

64
Q

Acute cystitis is best described as:
A. Retention of fluid from the blockage of the ureters
B. Infection of the kidneys presenting with high WBC counts & fever
C. Loss of protein the urine presenting with the peripheral edema & hypercoagulability
D. Inflammation of the bladder presenting with frequency, dysuria, & lower abdominal and/or suprapubic, low back pain

A

D

65
Q

Which is not associated with chronic kidney disease?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Anemia
D. Metabolic acidosis if the GFR falls below 30-40%

A

B

66
Q

Someone with a diminished ventilation to their alveoli as a result of respiratory disease is most likely to present with:
A. Pulmonary hypertension
B. Development of right sided heart failure over time if untreated
C. Jugular venous distention
D. All of the above

A

D

67
Q

Assume that fluid enters the distal tubule with an osmolarity of 100 mOsm, and that the maximum osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid is 1100 mOsm. As plasma ADH levels rise, the osmolarity of the urine:
A. Approaches 100 mOsm as a lower limit
B. Approaches 1100 mOsm as an upper limit
C. Eventually exceeds 1100 mOsm
D. Approaches 300 mOsm, the normal osmolarity of plasma

A

B

68
Q

What happens to the functional residual capacity in COPD?
A. It increases, resetting the TV to a higher volume
B. It decreases, lowering the tidal volume level
C. It is unchanged
D. It increases in inspiration but decreases in expiration

A

A

69
Q 
A reduced oxygenation of the blood is termed
A. Hypoxemia
B. Hypoxia
C. Pneumoconiosis
D. Asthma
A

A

70
Q 
The outer capillary epithelium is composed of \_\_\_which fit with others to form filtration slits
A. Mesangial cells
B. Juxtaglomerular cells
C. Macula densa cells
D. Podocytes
A

D

71
Q 
The intercalated cells function to:
A. Resorb glucose
B. Resorb Na+ and secrete K+
C. Resorb K+ and secrete H+
D. Secrete renin
A

C

72
Q

Vasoconstriction of a pulmonary artery serving an area of lung will have what effect?
A. Decreased blood flow to that area
B. Decrease ventilation to that area
C. Increased airway resistance in that area
D. Decrease in V/Q ratio

A

A

73
Q 
The amount of quiet inhalation/exhalation in a typical breath is termed the:
A. Inspiratory reserve volume
B. Expiratory reserve volume
C. Tidal volume
D. Residual volume
A

C

74
Q 
The effect of H+ on oxygen binding to hemoglobin is termed the \_\_\_\_\_\_ effect.
A. Haldane
B. Bohr
C. Bohrophil
D. Root
A

B

75
Q 
The most common feature as a result of hyperventilation is 
A. Acidosis
B. Hypocapnia
C. Hypercapnia
D. Clubbing of the fingers
A

B

76
Q 
The most common organism causing urinary tract infections is:
A. Proteus
B. Pseudomonas
C. E. coli
D. Chlamydia
A

C

77
Q

A person with Lupus Erythematosus is most likely to have fatal complications arising from
A. Pyelonephritis
B. Immune complex to the glomeruli, leading to severe glomerulonephritis
C. Over inflated lungs with loss of alveoli and reduced surface area for gas exchange
D. Left sided heart failure due to excessive stimulation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)

A

B

78
Q

Surfactant is important to respiration because it:
A. Vasodilator that promotes increased gas exchange in the alveolus
B. An immune protein that helps to diminish inflammation at the alveolus
C. An enzyme that promotes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate and H+ ion
D. Decreases surface tension and decreases the force favoring collapse of the alveolus

A

D

79
Q

Aldosterone, upon secretion by the adrenal cortex, will have what effect on solute movement in the kidneys?
A. Na+ loss to the urine, K+ retention in plasma
B. K+ loss to the urine, Na+ retention in the plasma
C. Loss of both K+ and Na+ to the urine
D. Retention of both K+ and Na+ in the plasma

A

B

80
Q

How is alveolar volume measured?
A. Measuring tidal volume and breathing rate over the course of one minute (wrong)
B. Measuring the total amount of air that can be held in the lungs
C. Subtracting the residual volume from the total lung capacity
D. Indirectly by measuring PaO2 or PaCO2

A

D

81
Q

The renal blood flow and thus GFR, are kept relatively constant by
A. myogenic (intrinsic) autoregulation
B. Autonomic nervous system control
C. Tubuloglomerular feedback
D. Maintaining a controlled cardiac output

A

A

82
Q 
The nephrons best able to concentrate urine are the \_\_\_\_\_ nephrons.
A. Cortical 
B. Midcortical
C. Juxtamedullary
D. Hilar
A

C

83
Q 
Glucose reabsorption occurs primarily in the:
A. Descending loop of Henle
B. Ascending loop of Henle 
C. Proximal convoluted tubule
D. Distal convoluted tubule
A

C

84
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin released by the kidney?
A. It reduces blood pressure
B. It stimulates an increase in renal blood flow
C. It stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
D. It stimulates new blood vessel formation in the kidneys

A

C

85
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the alveolar capillary membrane?
A. Hyaline cartilage
B. The alveolar wall
C. The endothelial cells making up the capillary wall
D. The fused basement membrane between the capillary and alveolar walls

A

A

86
Q 
Which of following is NOT part of the conducting airways?
A. Right mainstem bronchus
B. Respiratory bronchioles
C. Trachea
D. Segmental bronchi
A

B

87
Q

Atelectasis is cause by all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Compression by tumor, fluid, or air causing alveoli to collapse
B. Decreased or absent surfactant production
C. Blockage of or hypoventilated alveoli
D. All of the above can lead to atelectasis

A

D

88
Q 
Vitamin D is essential for:
A. The breakdown (osteolysis) of bone
B. Red blood cell production
C. The prevention of kidney stones
D. The absorption of  Ca++ and phosphate from the GI tract
A

D

89
Q

An increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) stimulates which of the following?
A. ADH release
B. Angiotensin II production
C. Aldosterone Release
D. Renin release
E. Increased water excretion in the urine

A

E

90
Q

A patient has a history of emphysema and has hyperinflated lungs. Which of the following would be true regarding this patient?
A)Increased lung compliance
B) Decreased alveolar surfactant
C)Increased lung elastic recoil
D) Increased airway resistance **** it does cause this but primary is compliance

A

A

91
Q

The experience of breathing discomfort, shortness of breath or air hunger upon laying flat in patients with heart failure is termed:

a. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
b. Orthopnea
c. Dyspnea on exertion
d. Kussmaul breathing

A

B

92
Q

Overactive bladder syndrome shows which of the following features?
A. Dyssynergia (detrusor & sphincter both contract at the same time)
B. Frequency, urgency, weak flow, & nocturia
C. Detrusor areflexia
D. Excessive sympathetic NS activation

A

B

93
Q 
The modified smooth muscle cells that secrete renin are the:
A. Distal tubules
B. Principal Cells
C. Macula Densa cells
D. Juxtaglomerular cells
A

D

94
Q

The osmolarity of tubular fluid increases as it flows through the descending loop of Henle because:
A. Solutes are passively transported into the descending limb
B. Solutes are actively transported into the descending limb
C. Solutes are passively transported out of the ascending limb
D. Water moves passively into the descending limb
E. Water moves passively out of the descending limb

A

E

95
Q

Severe bronchospasm not responsive to the normal measures (beta agonist bronchodilators) is best described as:

a. Pulmonary fibrosis
b. Pulsus paradoxus
c. Air trapping
d. Status asthmaticus

A

D

96
Q 
Of the following types, which is responsible for secreting surfactant?
A. Type I alveolar cells
B. Type II alveolar cells
C. Clara cells
D. Goblet cells
A

B

97
Q

The loss of albumin in the urine will produce all of the following effects EXCEPT:
A. Reduction of mesangial cells and increase in podocytes
B. Increased urine output (osmotic diuresis)
C. Loss of osmotic forces in the vasculature leading to peripheral edema
D. Increased risk of blood coagulation as anti-thrombin III is also lost

A

A

98
Q

Which of the following statements regarding asthma is INCORRECT:
A. Asthma is response to airway hyperresponsiveness to triggers
B. Triggers can include exercise, allergens, pollution, smoke , and viral infections
C. Increased allergen exposure and decreased exposure to certain infections in childhood are risk factors in asthma development
D. Asthma is associated with pulsus paradoxus which is a rise in systolic pressure of >10 mmhg during inspiration

A

D

99
Q

Emphysema results from
A. A ruptured bleb
B. An infected pleural effusion
C. Persistent abnormal dilation of bronchi
D. An excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung

A

B

100
Q

The ventilation-perfusion ratio is the same in the lung apex as the base in a standing, normal person
True or false?

A

False

101
Q

Which of the following does not stimulate aldosterone release?
A. Atrial natriuretic peptide
B. An increase in plasma potassium
C. An increase in renin secretion
D. An increase in angiotensin ll production

A

A

102
Q 
Fluid or solids replacing the air within the alveoli is best termed:
A. Consolidation
B. Cavitation
C. Abscess
D. Granuloma
A

A

103
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding tuberculosis?
A. People who have been immunized with the BCG vaccine (as is common in Europe) will test positive on a tuberculin skin test (TST)
B. macrophage are often unsuccessful in clearing the infection, rather they help to wall it off
C. Tuberculosis typically presents as an acute onset and rapidly advancing disease process
D. fatigue , weight loss, anorexia, low grade afternoon fever, and night sweats are common signs and symptoms of TB infection

A

C

104
Q

The countercurrent exchange of the vasa recta only works properly if:
A. The flow rate is slow
B. There is high hydrostatic pressure
C. The vasa recta is impermeable in the descending arm but permeable in the ascending arm
D. The NA+/K+ transporter in the vasa recta are working

A

A

Nurse Practioner MSN (3 decks)

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