Patho: Neuro, Fluid Balance, Immunity Flashcards
What are the cranial nerve names?
“Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very great vaginas. AH!”
1) Olfactory
2) Optic
3) Oculomotor
4) Trochlear
5) Trigeminal
6) Abducens
7) Facial
8) Vestibulocochlear
9) Glossopharyngeal
10) Vagus
11) Accessory
12) Hypoglossal
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves, including their branches and ganglia
What cranial nerve are you testing when you shrug your shoulders?
Accessory (#11)
What cranial nerve is known as “The Wanderer?”
Vagus (#10); most extensive reaches beyond the head/neck
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12: sensory, motor, or mixed
What does the Olfactory nerve do?
Purely sensory for smell
What does the optic nerve do?
Purely sensory for vision
What does the oculomotor cranial nerve do?
Contains motor fibers to extraocular muscles that direct eyeball; Moves eyelid, iris and ciliary body; proprioception (sensory) to brain from extraocular muscles
What does Trochlear cranial nerve do?
Sensory and motor fibers for superior oblique muscle of eye
What does Trigeminal cranial nerve do?
Motor and sensory for face; conducts sensory impulses from mouth, nose, surface of eye, and dura mater. Motor fibers for chewing muscles
What does the Abducens cranial nerve do?
Contains motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle (eye) and proprioceptor (sensory) fibers from same muscle to brain
What does the Facial nerve do?
Sensory and Motor:
Muscles of facial expression and salivary glands; Sensory fibers from taste buds of anterior part of tongue
What does the Vestibulocochlear nerve do?
Purely sensory: transmits impulses for sense of equilibrium and sense of hearing
What does the Glossopharyngeal nerve do?
Mixed:
Motor fibers for throat and salivary glands; sensory fibers for carrying impulses from pharynx, posterior tongue (taste buds), and pressure receptors of carotid artery
What does the Vagus nerve do?
Sensory and motor impulses for pharynx; parasympathetic motor fibers, which supply smooth muscle of abdominal organs; receives sensory impulses from viscera
What does the Spinal Accessory nerve do?
Sensory and motor fibers for SCM
muscle and trapezius muscle and muscles of soft palate, pharynx, and larynx.
What does the Hypoglossal nerve do?
Motor fibers to muscles of tongue and sensory impulses from tongue to brain
What is the mnemonic to remember which cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both?
“Some say marry money, but my brother says big boobs matter most.”
1) Olfactory: Sensory
2) Optic: Sensory
3) Oculomotor: Motor
4) Trochlear: Motor
5) Trigeminal: Both
6) Abducens: Motor
7) Facial: Both
8) Vestibulocochlear: Sensory
9) Glossopharyngeal: Both
10) Vagus: Both
11) Accessory: Motor
12) Hypoglossal: Motor
Exit ganglion, head to effector or through spinal nerve;
exist at every level of the spinal cord and are responsible for carrying postganglionic (unmyelinated) nerve fibers from the paravertebral ganglia to their destination
Gray rami
Preganglionic (myelinated), exits spinal nerve and go to ganglion;
exist only at the levels of the spinal cord where the intermediolateral cell column is present (T1-L2) and are responsible for carrying preganglionic (myelinated) nerve fibers from the spinal cord to the paravertebral ganglia
White rami
Bundles of myelinated axons in the PNS:
Fascicles
Spinal nerves split into anterior and posterior _____
Rami
Networks of nerve fibers called _____; examples: brachial, lumbar, or sacral
Plexuses
Area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach to the periphery of the body:
Dermatomes
Which cranial nerve helps with hearing and balance?
Vestibulocochlear
Cranial nerves 2-6 (except 5) innervate the ____
Eye
Which cranial nerve is both sensory and motor and involves sensation of face/motor of jaw muscles?
Trigeminal
Hypernatremia will cause a ___ in blood pressure and a ___ in cell excitability.
Increase; increase
Alkalosis has the effect of decreasing ionized ca++ concentration in the blood as it becomes bound to plasma proteins more frequently (due to less H+ binding of those proteins). This will result in clinical signs of ______ neuromuscular excitability.
Increased
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Adaptive immune system?
A. Inducible and long-lived
B. Specific in targeting
C. Has memory (responds differently to re-infection of the same organism)
D. All of the above are features of the adaptive immune response
D
Increased capillary permeability will result in
A.Increased net movement of fluid into the vessels
B.Increased plasma oncotic pressure
C.increased loss of fluids, as proteins also leave from vessels
D.Increased capillary hydrostatic force
C
Which of the following is a sentinel cell that constantly checks the environment in peripheral organs and skin, then moves to the lymph nodes upon detecting potential pathogens? A. Lymphocyte B. Dendritic cell C. Natural killer cell D. Giant cell
B
Aspirin and other NSAIDs work by blocking an enzyme active in the formation of: A. Leukotrienes B. Eicosanoids C. Histamine D. Prostaglandins
D
The effect of hypocalcemia on the neuromuscular system is:
A. Does not affect the neuromuscular system
B. Increased neuromuscular excitability
C. Decreased neuromuscular excitability
D. Flaccid paralysis
B
A lowering pH due to an increase in blood levels of ketoacids, such as found in diabetic ketoacidosis, would be an example of: A. Respiratory acidosis B. Respiratory alkalosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Metabolic alkalosis
C
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are small secreted intercellular signaling molecules that are responsible for activating other cell and regulating the inflammatory response. A. Toll-like receptors B. Cytokines C. Tissue factor D. NOD- like receptors
B
Hypovolemic hyponatremia will have all of the following effects except:
A. Swelling of cells due to influx of water
B. Drop in ECF Osmotic Pressure
C. Tachycardia and decrease in urine output
D. Increased BP/volume
D
How much of the water found in our bodies is intracellular? A.Two-thirds (66%) B. Three fourths C. One third D. One fourth
A
A rise in H+ levels in the blood (acidosis) will result in \_\_\_\_\_ levels of CO2 and will be compensated by \_\_\_\_ breathing rate. A.Increased, increased B.increased, decreased C.Decreased,increased D.Decreased, decreased
A
Which of the following is NOT associated with chronic inflammation? A. Serous exudate B. Granuloma formation C. Epithelioid cells D. Giant cells
A
Which of the following is not an example of active immunity?
A. Previous vaccination against measles
B. Previous infection with chickenpox
C. Recover from the flu infection
D. Protection from infection of an infant through breastfeeding
D
15. The most common type of leukocyte and predominates in early inflammatory responses is the: A. neutrophil B. Eosinophil C. Basophils D. Lymphocyte
A
pH can have a significant impact on the effectiveness of local anesthetics because the pH will help determine how much the local anesthetic is in a charged or uncharged state.
A. True
B. False
A
Papilledema indicates: A. Loss of capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Increased intracranial pressure C. Excessive capillary oncotic pressure D. Reduced cerebrospinal fluid pressure
B
A loss of proteins, such as albumin, from the plasma (as seen in some kidney and liver diseases) will result in:
A. An increase in plasma hydrostatic pressure
B. A decrease in plasma hydrostatic pressure
C. An increase in plasma oncotic pressure
D. A decrease in plasma oncotic pressure
D
Where is most of the Na+ in our bodies found? A. Synovial fluid B. Cerebrospinal fluid C. Extracellular fluid D. Intracellular fluid
C
What type of exudate is found in early inflammation and is watery A. Purulent B. Fibrinous C. Hemorrhagic D. Serous
D
The law of mass action dictates that if CO2 levels in the tissue or blood rise, the equilibrium will shift toward:
A. Decreasing level oh H+ and HCO3
B. Increasing levels of H+ and HCO3-
C. Increasing levels of H+ and decreasing levels of HCO3-
D. Decreasing levels of H+ and increasing levels of HCO3
B
ADH is released in response to ___ and results in _____
A.Dehydration, increased water retention
B. Dehydration, increased Na+ retention
C. Volume overload, increased water retention
D. Volume overload increase Na+ retention
A
The fluid exchange between the arterial end and the venous end of a capillary bed in tissue such as muscle and skin results in all the fluid that leaked out of the capillary being retained in within the vessels with no net loss of fluid.
True or false?
False
A loss of proteins, such as albumin, from the plasma (as seen in some kidney and liver diseases) will result in:
A. An increase in plasma hydrostatic pressure
B. Decrease in plasma hydrostatic pressure
C. Increase in plasma oncotic pressure
D. Decrease in plasma oncotic pressure
D
Of the amount of water that is found outside of the cells (extracellular), how much is found in the intravascular space? A. two thirds (66%) B. three fourths (75%) C. one third (33%) D. One fourth (25%)
D
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system when activated will ultimately result in the _________through effects on the kidneys
A. Loss of Na+ and water
B. Retention of Na+, water and loss of K+
C. Reduction in plasma oncotic pressure
D. Increase in plasma oncotic pressure
B
The ion that is best represented by the following concentrations, 150 mM extracellular and 15 mM intracellular is: A. Na+ B. Cl- C. K+ D. A- (anionic protein
A
C3a is capable of inducing degranulation of mast cells and rapidly inducing an increase in vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, thus it is considered a (n): A. Opsonin B. Chemotactic factor C. Anaphylotoxin D. Angiogenic factor
C
Which of the following is NOT a circulating plasma protein system related to the inflammatory response? A. Complement B. Clotting C. Kinin D. Carbonic anhydrase
D
Interstitial fluid would be considered\_\_\_\_\_\_\_fluid A. Intracellular B. Extracellular C. Synovial D. intravascular
B
Hypocalcemia will result in which of the following signs and symptoms?
A. Acidosis
B. Bone pain and decreased neuromuscular excitability
C. Neuromuscular excitability and spasm, intestinal cramping, and tingling
D. Constipation and muscle weakness
C
Hyperkalemia will result in:
A. Excessive swelling
B. Peaked T waves and early neuromuscular excitability
C. Muscle weakness and early decrease in neuromuscular excitability
D. High blood pressure and tachycardia
B
Infants are at greater risk of dehydration because they, relative to adults, have:
A. Less surface area and less percentage of body weight as water
B. Less surface area and a higher percentage of body weight as water
C. A greater surface area and less percentage of body weight as water
D. A greater surface area and a higher percentage of body weight as water
D
Carbon dioxide is an important molecule produced through many metabolic processes to remove excess CO2 the body transports most of the CO2 in the blood in the form of? A. Dissolved CO2 B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin C. HCO3- (bicarbonate) D. Fatty acids
C
Leukotrienes are similar to histamine in function but differ in that leukotrienes:
A. Cause an anti-inflammatory effect
B. Only affect immune cells
C. Effects start slower and last longer
D. Don’t involve the bronchi or bronchioles
C
A keloid is:
A. A healing wound
B. A hypertrophic scar that extends well beyond the initial wound
C. A collection of immune cells and activated fibroblasts unable to clear the offending system
D. A multinucleated cell
B
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is secreted in response to toll-like receptor activation and has all of the following effects EXCEPT:
A. Induce fever (endogenous pyrogen)
B. Increases synthesis of inflammation-related serum proteins by the liver
C. Causes muscle wasting and intravascular thrombosis
D. Suppress growth of lymphocytes and reduce production of proinflammatory cytokines
D
Colloid osmotic pressure is the pressure created by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A. All ions and protein in that fluid B. Only the ions in that fluid C. Only the protein in that fluid D. Only the ions that are not permeable
C
What is the next step in dealing with pathogens or debris after the phagosome has formed? A. Adherence B. Engulfment C. Fusion with the lysosome D. Destruction of the target
C
Which of the following is a likely effect of hypercalcemia?
A. Bradycardia and generalized fatigue/weakness
B. Tachycardia and hyper-excitable muscles/nerves
C. Consistent, unresponsive and unchanging heartrate
D. Diarrhea
A
The fluid exchange between the arteriole end and the venous end of a capillary bed in tissues such as muscle and skin results in all of the fluid that leaked out of the capillary being retained within the vessels with no loss of fluid.
True or False?
False
Bradykinin has effects that are most similar to those of \_\_\_\_\_: A. Fibrin B. Histamine C. C1-inhibitor D. Tissue factor
B
Starling forces affect the movement of fluid between the plasma and interstitial space. Which of the following, when increased will promote a shift from the plasma into the interstitial space?
a. Capillary oncotic pressure
b. Interstitial oncotic pressure and plasma hydrostatic pressure
c. Plasma hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure
d. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
B
The type of leukocyte most associated with allergic responses and parasitic infection is the:
a. Neutrophil
b. Eosinophil
c. Basophil
d. Lymphocyte
B
A loss of proteins, such as albumin, from the plasma (as seen in some kidney and liver diseases) will result in:
A. A shift of fluid from the interstitial fluid to the plasma
B. A shift of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial fluid
C. No change in overall fluid movement between the plasma and the interstitial fluid
D. A swelling of cells due to increased intercellular fluid
B
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is secreted in response to Toll-like receptor activation and has all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Induce fever (endogenous pyrogen)
B. Increase synthesis of inflammation-related serum proteins by the liver
C. Causes muscle wasting and intravascular thrombosis
D. Suppress growth of lymphocytes and reduce production of proinflammatory cytokines
D
Movement of potassium down its electrochemical gradient will result in what effect on membrane potential? A. Hyperpolarization B. Depolarization C. Stabilization D. Could be any of the above
A
A stronger stimulus will result in a greater membrane depolarization of a neuron resulting in ___.
A. Stronger (higher amplitude) action potentials
B. More frequent action potentials
C. Longer lasting (greater duration of) action potentials
D. All of the above
B
All of the following are true regarding graded potential EXCEPT:
A. They can be added together for increased effect
B. They can be added to opposing potentials and be reduced in effect
C. They fade over time and distance
D. The all look alike (in amplitude
D
A stroke affecting the temporal lobe is most likely to show signs and symptoms affecting the: A. Patients vision B. Autonomic nervous system C. Facial nerve (Bell’s Palsy) D. Patients speech or hearing
D
The frontal lobe is responsible for conscious:
A. Control of voluntary motor area and limbic system
B. Awareness of sensation (somatic sensory area)
C. Primary visual cortex
D. Primary auditory cortex
A
The cerebellum is most responsible for:
A. Regulation of breathing and blood pressure
B. Control of fine motor control and balance/posture
C. Conscious awareness of sensation
D. Voluntary control of muscles
B
The beta-2 receptor, upon binding to its ligand, will result in which of the following effects?
A. Vasoconstriction of arterioles serving the skin
B. Stimulation of GI tract motility and relaxation of sphincters
C. Excitation of somatic muscle cells
D. Vascular smooth muscle relaxation and dilation in cardiac arterioles
D
8. The peripheral nervous system division that arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions is the : A. Central B. Somatic C. Parasympathetic D. Sympathetic
D
Ephedra is a sympathomimetic, meaning it has sympathetic nervous system activating effects. As such have all of the following side effects EXCEPT: A. Increased heart rate B. Increased blood pressure C. Pale, clammy (moist) skin D. Diarrhea and abdominal cramping
D
The ___ division of the autonomic nervous system helps conserve energy and the body’s resources (rest) and uses ____ as its neurotransmitter(s).
A. Sympathetic; acetylcholine and norepinephrine
B. Sympathetic; norepinephrine
C. Parasympathetic; acetylcholine and norepinephrine
D. Parasympathetic; acetylcholine
D
Saltatory conduction:
A. Occurs across the entire axon membrane
B. Occurs in both myelinated and unmyelinated axons
C. Occurs only at the Nodes of Ranvier
D. Does not affect axon conduction velocities
C
- Graded potentials are all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Impulses which travel without diminishing over distance
B. Localized membrane potential changes as a result of ion channels opening
C. Graded potentials can be added to achieve a combined effect on membrane potential
D. Can be either hyperpolarizing or depolarizing
A
Calcium has an equilibrium potential of 123mV. This means that under normal resting potential, if Ca++ became more permeable the membrane potential would:
A. Become more positive until the inside of the cell became positive
B. Become more negative to balance out the positive charges
C. Stabilize the membrane potential and remain unchanged
D. Have no effect on membrane potential
A
The basal ganglia (cerebral nuclei) are most involved in:
A. Interpreting sensation from the body
B. Executive functions (judgment and focus)
C. Emotional response to events
D. Inhibiting unwanted movement (coordinating movement
D
The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with which of the following:
A. Neuron axons exiting from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine
B. Ganglia that are close to the target organ
C. Use of norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter
D. An excitatory effect on GI sphincter muscles
B
The receptive (incoming signal) portion of the neuron is called the: A. Cell body B. Axon C. Dendrite D. Lysosome
C