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Pathology II > Patho practical exam - THE EXAM > Flashcards

Patho practical exam - THE EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Identification

A
  1. Species & Breed
    * (chicken, Waterfowl, Turkey)
  2. Utilization
    * Broilers: any chicken bred & raised specifically for meat production (usually slaughtered at 6w of age)
    * Layers: egg laying hens, start laying eggs at around 18-19w of age
    (until up to 7 years) –> PP: count as „adult from 60 days of age“
    * Hatchlings/ chicks: newly hatched chickens up to 10 days of age
    * Youngsters: 11-60 days old
    * Eggs: Incubation period is approx. 21 days
  3. Body weight (approx) just to give an idea..
    * Average BW of day-old-chick= 40g
    * 6w old broiler: average of 2,5-3kg (males) (varies w. breed)
    * Layers: average BW of 1,8kg (varies w. breed)
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2
Q

External examination:

A
  1. Stage of development:
  2. State of nurishment
  3. Post Mortem changes + general state of skin
  4. Skin & feathers
  5. Feet & claws
  6. Natural orifices
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3
Q

Dissection

A
  1. Skin until beak
  2. Dislocate hip joints
  3. Find 7 lobed Thymus
  4. Remove Pectoral muscles
  5. Remove Sternum
  6. Find thyroid glands
  7. Gently fold organs over to LHS; to make airsacs visible
  8. Take out speen + examine
  9. Take out Liver & GI tract + Examine:
  10. Examine Kidney + Genital tracts
  11. Oropharyngeal dissection + Examination:
  12. Bluntly destroy connection btw lungs & rips (airsacs) with
  13. Examine Heart & Lungs:
  14. Examination of Ischiadic Nerve:
  15. Joint & Bone examination
  16. Brain examination:
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4
Q

Automatic failing mistakes:

A
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5
Q

Egg Examination:

A
  • Outer Examination:
    1. Shape
    2. Size
    3. Color
    4. Incidental deformities
    5. Contaminations
    6. Injuries
    7. Size of air cell (lamping)
  • Inner Examination
    1. Open at broad end (air sac end)
    2. Examination of shell
    3. Examination of yolk
    4. Dissection of embryo ( if present)
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6
Q

Newly hatched chick examination:

Common disease

A
  1. BW & state of development
  2. Skin, orifices, Beak (diamond?)
  3. Navel closed?
  4. Yolk sac abnormalities?
    * Try to seperate intactly from other organs in body cavity (v. fragile)
    * Common:
    - Mushy chick syndrome (yolk sac infection)
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7
Q

Normal description skin and feather

A
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8
Q

Normal description feet and claws

A

- Ulcers or pododermatitis (v. common)

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9
Q

What are the natural orifices

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Nostrils
  • Ears
  • Eyes
  • Cloaca
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10
Q

Normal description oral cavity

A

Pale grayishred
Smooth
Shiny
Intact

GENERAL not specific for poultry

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11
Q

Normal description eyes

A
  • Pupils misshaped in Mareks disease
  • Pulp= Necrotized in:
    1. Fowl pox,
    2. Salmonellosis &
    3. Colibacteriosis
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12
Q

Examination Cloaca

A

Cloara: soundness + level of contamination

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13
Q

External examination:
* Stage of development:

A
  • Length of legs & wings: well/ medium/under
  • Head & skin compartments development
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14
Q

External examination:

A

Good/medium/under? - check at Pectoral & thigh muscles

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15
Q

External examination:
* State of nurishment

A
  • Good/medium/under?
  • Check at Pectoral & thigh muscles
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16
Q

External examination:
Skin & feathers

A
  • Easy to pull out feathers?
  • Ectoparasites?
  • Dermatitis
    (which type: Gangrenous, dry, wet, Viral, Mixed)
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17
Q

External examination:
* Feet & claws

A
  • Ulcers or pododermatitis (v. common)
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18
Q

External examination:
* Natural orifices

A
  1. Oropharyngeal
  2. Nasal cavity: squeeze; discharge
  3. Eyes –> Pupils misshaped in Mareks disease & pulp= necrotized in Fowl pox, Salmonellosis & Colibacteriosis
  4. Ears
  5. Cloara: soundness + level of contamination
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19
Q

Dissection
How to skin?

A

Skin until beak
* Make incision on left hand side of neck so that crop is ∅ damaged

20
Q

Dissection
How to dislocate the hip joints

A

By grabbing tighs on both sides & bend outwards/backwards

21
Q

Dissection
The thymus

A

Find **7 lobed **Thymus (pale/brown)
* Swollen in Tuberculosis or Leucosis
* Atrophied in Mycotoxicosis or Gumbaro disease

22
Q

Dissection
Pectorals

A

Remove Pectoral muscles
- make deep incisions into muscle to check both spf & prof. pec muscle

23
Q

Description of normal skelletal muscles

A
24
Q

Dissection
What do you look for when removing sternum?

A
  • Check sternal Bursa (inflammed in ENS)
25
Q

Dissection
Thyroid gland

A
  • little dark, oval shaped at entrance of body cavity
26
Q

Normal description THYROID GLAND

A
27
Q

Dissection
Airsacs

and normal description

A
  • Gently fold organs over to left hand side; to make airsacs visible
  • They will be „ruined during examination & dissection -
  • Airsacs (8)
  • Serous membranes = Smooth/shiny/transparent/intact?
28
Q

Dissection
Spleen

A
  • Located btw proventriculus & gizzard
  • Normal: cherry sized, round, flaccid palpation
  • CS: dark brown, medium moist
29
Q

Spleen
Normal organ description

A
30
Q

Dissection
LIVER and GI tract

A
  • Leave oesophagus (cut btw oesophagus & stomach)
  • Find Bursa fabricii: behind rectum, round shaped:
  • Take out with GI - make semi-lunar cut around cloaca (∅cut off tail feathers!!)

a) Bile duct patecy –> Duodenum ascendend
b) Seperate Liver (2 Lobes) from GI & examine
c) Find U-loop of duodenum with pancreas inbetween
d) Seperate intestinal loops & lay them out (just like in mammals)
e) Ileum is surrounded by 2 caeca
f) Take Gizzard in L-hand palm, duodenum hanging downwards btw fingers & proventriculus is upwards towards, paralllel with thumb
g) Make incision into muscle layer of Gizzard
h) Check content of Gizzard & remove
i) Seperate the koilin membrane from mucosal membrane (easy of
healthy+ harder in waterfowls), bleeding?
j) Take scissors & open up rest of gizzard + Proventriculus: check
content & remove
k) Check mucosa & glands in Proventriculus (squish glands to see secretion of gastric juice
l) From Gizzard opening, continue to open duedenum & whole GI tract with the scissors until colorectum
m) When colorectum is open, caeca can be opened as well (normal content= creamy, dark green)
n) Wash GI & neatly lay out to check mucosa

-Haemorrhages in GI?= eg. Avian influenza, Ulcers, Parasites (coccidia!)

31
Q

Normal examination of GI tract

A
32
Q

How to determine gender?

A
33
Q

Dissection
Oropharyngeal dissection + Examination:

A
  • With scissors entert he right hand side corner of beak & cut down oesophagus until crop + open it –> examine content + mucosa
  • Check oral & oesophageal mucosa
  • Check tongue + intactness of coana (discharge?)
  • Open trachea until biforcation: check mucosa & content (prox. or deep? if present)
34
Q

Normal description mucous membrane

A

Smooth, shiny and intact?

35
Q

What to examin and how?
Btw lungs & rips (airsacs) with fingers

A
  • Bluntly destroy connection btw lungs & rips (airsacs) with fingers
  • Try to gently lift up lungs & cut rest of connection with knife -trachea & oesophagus will remain on carcass!
  • Examine: pleura + serosal membrane
36
Q

Normal description of the Thorax

A
37
Q

Dissection
Examine Heart & Lungs:

A
  • Do NOT separate the two!!
  • Lungs: as in mammals (only L&R lungs, ∅ Lobes)
  • Heart: similar to mammals
  • Make incisions on both sides of septum & take out blood clots
  • Turn over & open up right hand side with scissors to check pulmonary artery
  • Open left hand side and check aorta
38
Q

Normal description Lungs

A
39
Q

Dissection
Examination of Ischiadic Nerve:

A
  • Dislocate joints –>cut into muscles btw hip & femur & search for Nerve (runs with Femoral a&v)
  • Lift & pull nerve with foreceps –> seperate from surrounding tissue
  • With Rib-cutter, cut foramen obturatum & follow the nerve into body cavity
  • When nerve is free: cut at Knee level & fold inwards into body cavity (do so on both sides)
  • Compare thickness & symmetry (important for Mareks disease=swollen)
40
Q

Dissection
Joint & Bone examination:

A
  • (check symmetry & compare lesions)
  • If suspected lesion, check every major joint (wings, ect.)
  • Knee joint:
  • make horizontal cut with clean knife to open joint: check amount + quality of synovia
  • Then open joint further & examine cartilages (should be smooth/shiny/intact/white)
  • NOTE: don ́t forget to feel „fat-pad“ in knee
  • Bone:
  • Stabilize foot onto table & make a cut into the head of tibia, parallel to axis of foot
  • When knife is deep enough to it can ́t slipp inside the head of tibia (careful!), use flat hand to push blade down through bone
  • if too easy= Ricketts/ deficiency of** Vit. D &/or Calcium**
  • Then examine:
    1. white cartilage
    2. 1mm thick epiphyseal layer (greyish)
    3. Ossification layer
    4. Bone Marrow (dark red) –> Compare L & R
41
Q

Normal description Joint

A
42
Q

Normal description Bone

A
43
Q

Dissection
Brain examination:

A
  • Remove skin by cutting through comb & tear skin backwards
  • Take head into palm & with rentle „peeling“ movements with blade: peel down cranium from Brain. (do-able in chicks + Broilers, but harder in adults, turkeys & waterfowls)
  • When brain exposed= Finished (∅ have to take it out)
  • Necrotic foci= Salmonella
  • Haemorrhages= Vitamin E deficiency
44
Q

Normal description brain

A
45
Q
  • Outer Eggshall Examination:
A
  1. Shape
  2. Size
  3. Color (vast difference btw species)
    * Hypopigmentation (disease)
    * Hyperpigmentation
  4. Incidental deformities
    - thin shelled
    - Wrinkled
    - Sweating? Then bacterial contamination occured
  5. Contaminations (faeces) - dug egg = always dirty -diarrhea
  6. Injuries
    * mechanical effects: fissures, depressions
    * can be caused by both Vit D & calcium deficiency or nest problems
  7. Size of air cell (lamping) - grows with age!
46
Q

Egg
Inner examination

A
  1. Open at broad end (air sac end)
    2.** Examination of shel**l
    * thickness & evenness
    * presence of faeces on the egg shell membranes
    * state of blood vessels
  2. Examination of yolk
    * Absorbed or not?
    * Quality
    * normal= butter-lemon-orange color -centrally located (held in place by Chalaza)
    * „twinning egg yolks“ occur when in stress
  3. Dissection of embryo ( if present)

Pathology II (6 decks)

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