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chronic > Patho Perfusion Test #4 > Flashcards

Patho Perfusion Test #4 Flashcards

1
Q

how many stages of heart failure are there?

A

4 classes
one being no limitations
two no limitations but symptoms with activity
three symptoms get worse
four symptoms are shown with no physical activity

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2
Q

how can heart failure be prevented?

A
  • physical activity to make heart muscle stronger
  • avoid smoking and drugs
  • manage weight
  • managing co-morbidites
  • heart healthy eating ( low sodium avoid red meat)
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3
Q

what does the frank starling show?

A

I is a graph that shows the amount of stretch in the heart muscles

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4
Q

what happens when the neuroendocrine system is stimulated Sympathetic NS?

A

stimulate HR and BP

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5
Q

renogcingitension system

A

has to do with the fluid and sodium

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6
Q

What can cause heart failure?

A
  • coronary artery disease
  • increased work load
  • impaired function
  • non cardiac condition ( volume overload, fever, her thyroid, lung disease)
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7
Q

what are the causes of systolic heart failure?

A

coronary artery disease, myocarditis, chemotherapy, valve disorders, arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, hypo/hyper tension, renal failure, anemia

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8
Q

what are the causes of Diastolic heart failure?

A

Diabetes and hypertension

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9
Q

systolic dysfunction = enlarged ventricles less blood going out to body

A

Diastolic dysfunction = stiff ventricals less blood coming into the heart

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10
Q

clinical manifestations of heart failure

A
  • orthopnea (shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat)
  • dyspnea (difficult and labored breathing)
  • edema
  • fatigue
  • symptoms of target organs
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11
Q

what symptoms can we see with Right-sided heart failure? (not able to push into pulmonary systems)

A
  • dependent edema
  • enlarged organs
  • increased appitite
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12
Q

what symptoms can we see with left-sided heart failure?

heart cannot pump into peripheries so it backs up into lungs

A
  • pulmonary edema
  • dyspnea
  • orthopnea
  • nocturnal dyspnea
  • bronchospasms
  • wheezing
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13
Q

advanced heart failure can lead to what?

A
  • blood clot formation
  • Cheyne–Stokes respiration
  • decline in mental function
  • Depression
  • sleep apnea
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14
Q

what are the complications of heart failure

A
  • kidney / Liver damage or failure
  • heart valve insufficiency
  • Arrhythmias
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15
Q

what are some things we would look for as a nurse with heart failure?

A
  • wheezes
  • capillary refill prolonged
  • check for s3 or s4 sounds
  • is there jugular venous distention ( sign of backflow)
  • cynotic
  • weight gain
  • edema
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16
Q

Diagnostic tests for HF? what would we see

A

protein uria in urine

  • BUN and creatine check for filtering
  • fasting Blood sugar will go up
  • Liver Function test
  • *-natriuretic peptide B type will be high (>100) this tells you how well HF is managed ** she made this seem important
  • ECG
  • Echocardiography can see the heart wall and valve movements
  • xrays can see the heart and lungs
  • CK tells you muscle death
17
Q

nonpharm ways to treat heart failure

A

DASH diet ( low cholesterol/fat/sodium)
stop smoking
exercise 4-5 days 30 min a week

18
Q

procedures to treat heart failure

A

surgery

pacing: biventricular pacing synchronizing therapy that sends electrical impulse to pump both sides at the same time

19
Q

pharmacologic treatment for heart failure

A

ACE inhibitors - decresae cardiac workload and
increase output
ARBS - decresae cardiac workload and
increase output

Beta blockers inhibit sympathetic NS and decrease
BP
Diuretics
Vasodilators
Digelous Digoxin slows and helps with
contractility
o2 therapy

20
Q

Thombotic Stroke

A

narrowing of the artery by fatty deposits called plaques.

plaque can cause a clot to form, blocks the passage of blood through the artery.

21
Q

Embolic Stroke

A

An embolus is a blood clot or other debris circulating in the blood. when it reachs an artery in the brain that is too narrow to pass through, it lodges there and blocks the flow.

22
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

A burst in the blood vessel may allow blood to seep into and damage brain tissue, until clotting shuts off the leak

23
Q

What are some modifiable risk factors for stroke?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Hypertension
  • heart disease
  • coagulation disorder
  • alcohol use disorder
  • smoking
  • Diabetes
  • Carotied artery disease
  • obestity
  • cocain use
24
Q

What are some nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • race
  • Heredity
25
Q

True or false

Sleep apnea increases blood pressure and puts a person at higher risk of stroke

A

true

26
Q

If the right side of the body is effected during a stoke what side of the brain was effected?

A

left side of the brain

27
Q

what are the common S/S of left brain damage?

A
  • impaired speech/langage aphasias

- slow performance, cautions

28
Q

what are the common S/S of Right brain damage?

A
  • tends to deny or minimize problems
  • rapid performance short attention span
  • impulsive, safety problems
  • impaired judgement and time concepts
29
Q

Complications of stroke (CVA)

A 
pneumonia
UTI
seizures
clinical depression
pressure ulcers
contractures
DVT
30
Q

Diagnosing Strokes

A

Careful health history is important to understand when the symptoms begin

Imaging 
    can show the part of the 
    brain that is effected  
    CT scan,
 MRI can see stroke or nonstroke 
angiography allows us to see the areas of vascular abnormalities
31
Q

CVA (stroke) treatment non pharm

A

Prevention is key

- rehab to bring the ADLs as back to normal as we can

32
Q

CVA (stroke) treatment pharm

A
  • Antiplatelets agents (usually warfarin)
  • managing hypertension
  • controlling cholesterol levels
33
Q

What cell would be found in Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

a postive a reed/sternberg cell or restinberg cell

34
Q

high grade tumor is bad and more aggressive T/F

A

T

35
Q

types of anxiety disorders

A

agoraphobia, panic disorder, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder

36
Q

What neurotransmitter is believed to be dysfunctional in anxiety disorders

A

GABA

Mood disorders is (serotoin)

37
Q

What is the treatment of panic disorder?

A

cognitive- behavioral therapy

deep

38
Q

Glaucoma?

A

increased intraocular pressure, thicking of acuous humor

open-angle glaucoma is the most common form it is gradually progressive

chronic (7 decks)

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