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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > PATHO: MODULE 9: NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS > Flashcards

PATHO: MODULE 9: NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS control?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What does the PNS control?

A

peripheral nerves branching out from the spinal cord

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3
Q

What are astrocytes? (CNS)

A

blood brain barrier

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4
Q

What are ependymal cells? (CNS)

A

cells that line the spinal cord and cavities in the brain

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5
Q

What are microglia cells?

A

immune response (phagocytosis)

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6
Q

What are oligodendrocytes? (CNS)

A

myelinating cells of the CNS (myelin sheath)

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7
Q

What are schwann cells? (PNS)

A

form myelin sheath in PNS

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8
Q

What are GABA?

A

main inhibitor neurotransmitters

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9
Q

What is serotonin?

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter which maintains mood balance

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10
Q

What is dopamine?

A

inhibitory and excitatory which regulates movement and emotional response. Also helps regulate reward and pleasure centers in the brain

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11
Q

What is norepinephrine?

A

excitatory action related to mood, motor activity, arousal and reward

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12
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

excitatory action regulates memory and movement

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13
Q

What are the types of diagnostic tests to evaluate the nervous system?

A

*imagining –> CT, MRI, head x-ray
*electroencephalography –> EEG
*Cerebral angiography
*Lumbar puncture

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14
Q

What are some general signs and symptoms of alteration in the Nervous System?

A

-Decreased level of consciousness
- Sensory deficit
- Motor dysfunction
- Language disorders
- Seizures
- Increased intercranial pressure

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15
Q

What are transient ischemia attacks?

A

Partial occlusion of an artery. May precede stroke - but do not precede all strokes

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16
Q

What are the causes of transient ischemia attacks?

A

atherosclerosis or small embolus, vascular spasm, local loss of autoregulation

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17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of transient ischemia attacks?

A

Directly related to ischemia. Short episodes of impaired function - muscle weakness,
In an arm or a leg, visual disturbances, numbness, paresthesia in the face may occur.

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18
Q

What are the treatments for transient ischemia attacks?

A

Relieves on it’s own or moves onto being a stroke - must be investigated immediately

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19
Q

What is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

A

Infarction of brain tissue as a result from lack of blood. Tissue necrosis may be an outcome. “STROKE”

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20
Q

What are the causes of cerebrovascular accident?

A

Atheroma, embolus, or a consequence of a ruptured cerebral vessel which causes hemorrhage and increased intercranial pressure

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21
Q

What treatments are available for cerebrovascular accident?

A

Rapid treatment with clot busting agents - tissue plasminogen activator. Surgery. Glucocorticoids. Team approach - physical therapists, speech language pathologists

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22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cerebrovascular accident?

A

Depend on location, size of artery involved, and functional area affected.
Flaccid paralysis, spastic paralysis is weeks later. Coma, loss of consciousness, death. Contralateral muscle
Weakness, sensory loss in leg, confusion, loss of problem-solving skills, personality changes. Aphasia

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23
Q

What is a brain injury?

A
24
Q

What is a brain injury?

A

Injury to skull or brain or both.

25
Q

What are the causes of brain injury?

A

Concussion, contusion, closed head injury, open head injury, linear, continued, and compound fractures, depressed, basilar fractures, contrecoup

26
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of brain injuries?

A

Seizures, cranial nerve impairment, Otorrhea/rhinorrhea, otorrhagia, fever, stress ulcers

27
Q

What are the treatments for brain injuries?

A

CT and MRI, glucocorticoid agents, antibiotics. Headache, irritability, and fatigue

28
Q

What are spinal cord injuries?

A

Damage to spinal cord

29
Q

What are the causes spinal cord injuries?

A

Mainly motorcycle or automobile accidents, sports

30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of spinal cord injuries?

A

Cease in neurologic activity. No reflexes - skeletal muscle, sensory and autonomic.
Spinal shock - flaccid paralysis and sensory loss. Paralysis. Gradually the extent of permanent damage is
Revealed.

31
Q

What are the treatment of spinal cord injuries?

A

Rehab, immobilize spine, maintain breathing and prevent shock, glucocorticoids. Ongoing
Care.

32
Q

What are the causes of herniated intervertebral disc?

A

Poor body mechanics and trauma.

33
Q

What is a herniated intervertebral disc?

A

Protrusion of nucleus pulposus through a tear in annulus fibrous. Lateral protrusions into the
Extradural space, exert pressure on spinal nerve root

34
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of herniated intervertebral disc?

A

Lumbar region: Legs, bowels, bladder, external genitalia

35
Q

What are the treatments of herniated intervertebral disc?

A

Conservative: bed rest, ice, traction, analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants,

Surgery: laminectomy, discectomy, spinal fusion if several discs involved

36
Q

What are seizure disorders?

A
37
Q

What are seizure disorders?

A
38
Q

What are seizure disorders?

A
39
Q

What are the causes of seizure disorders?

A

Many possible causes - drug/alcohol withdrawal, electrolyte imbalance, tumor, head injury, brain
Bleed, trauma, high fever

40
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a generalized seizure disorder?

A

Prodromal signs such as nausea, irritability, depression, and muscle twitching. Aura -Peculiar visual or auditory sensation. Loss of consciousness. Strong tonic muscle contraction. Cry escapes
As the abdominal and thoracic muscles contract. Clonic stage: alternately contract and relax - forceful
Jerky movements that involve the entire body

41
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a partial seizure disorder

A

repeated motor activity, jerking or turning the head or eye aside, jerky movements of a leg, or
By a sensation such as tingling that begins in one area and may spread. Ringing in the ears or sensation of
Light.

42
Q

What are the treatments of seizure disorders?

A

TIME THE SEIZURE Primary cause should be treated, and specific factors that precipitate
Seizures should be identified and avoided. Anticonvulsants, may be combined with sedatives. Ensure
Safety, protect head, remove hazards. MRI, EEG, CT to develop understanding on cause

43
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A
44
Q

What are the causes of multiple sclerosis?

A

Attacks conduction impulses. Autoimmune disease.

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

A

Blurred vision, weakness in legs, diplopia, scotoma, dysarthria (poor articulation)
Increase in loss - progressive weakness, paralysis extending to the upper limbs, loss of coordination
Bladder and bowel and sexual dysfunction will occur. Paresthesias and loss of position sense in upper body, face and legs.

46
Q

What are the treatment of multiple sclerosis?

A

Interferon beta-1b drugs. Glucocorticoid agents. Physical therapy, exercise, OT.

47
Q

What is Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

A

Muscle wasting, and hardening of the lateral corticospinal tracts.

48
Q

What are the causes of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

A

Unsure of cause - no treatment, however may be linked to various chromosomes.

49
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

A

hands manifest weakness and muscle atrophy first, loss of fine motor skills, stumbling
Falls, progresses throughout the body. Eventually swallowing and respirations are impaired - breathing ~2-5 years.

50
Q

What are the treatments for Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

A

No treatment, stem cell therapy is under investigation. Respiratory therapists, nutritionists,
Speech pathologist, occupational therapist, physical therapists, psychologist, social worker

51
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A
52
Q

What are the causes of myasthenia gravis?

A

Thymus disorders - hyperplasia, benign tumors. Women more frequently affected.

53
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

A

Muscle weakness, noticeable in face and eyes, fatigue, diplopia and ptosis, speech is nasal and monotone, spontaneous facial expressions are loss, droop with sadness. Chewing is difficult. Head droops and neck muscles become involved, arms become weaker, difficult to lift. Upper respiratory infections are frequent.

54
Q

What are the treatments for myasthenia gravis?

A

What are the treatments for myasthenia gravis?
Anticholinesterase agents, pyridostigmine, neostigmine. Glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, thymectomy.

55
Q

How would we measure LOC in the hospital setting?

A

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (5 decks)

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