Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > PATHO: MODULE 8: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS > Flashcards

PATHO: MODULE 8: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS Flashcards

1
Q

Spirometry Pulmonary Functioning Test test for?

+ it’s function ?

A

-asthma
- (COPD)

*monitors your lung condition and check whether a treatment for a chronic lung condition is helping you breathe better.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does oximetry measure?

A

What does oximetry measure?
Measures levels of oxygen in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the Exercise tolerance testing test for?

A

Monitor patient’s progress and chronic pulmonary disease for diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does arteriole blood gas test for?

A

checks oxygen, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate levels - serum pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does a radiography test for?

A

Tumors and infection - calcified will appear on x-ray.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a bronchoscopy test for?

A

used in a biopsy or checking the site for lesion or bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does Culture and sensitivity of sputum test for?

A

Determines pathogen and what antibiotics needed to treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the general signs and symptoms of alterations in respiratory health?

A

Hemoptysis
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Cyanosis
Hypoxemia
Hypercapnia
Sneezing
Coughing
Sputum
Breathing patterns
Pleural pain
Friction rub
Clubbed fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain hemoptysis in relation to the respiratory system

A

Blood in sputum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain dyspnea

A

Difficulty or laboured breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain orthopnea in relation to respiratory health

A

Difficulty breathing supine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain cyanosis in relation to respiratory health

A

-bluish-purple skin= lack of oxygen
- seen on lips, mouth, earlobes and fingernails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain hypoxemia in relation to respiratory health

A

Low oxygen in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain hypercapnia in relation to respiratory health

A

High carbon dioxide in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain sneezing in relation to respiratory health

A

reflex response to irritation in upper respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain coughing in relation to respiratory health

A

Forceful expiration - unwanted material is blown upward and out of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain sputum in relation to respiratory health

A

Discharge from respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain breathing patterns in relation to respiratory health

A

Should be effortless - changes are significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain Pleural Pain in relation to respiratory health

A

Results from inflammation or infection of parietal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain Friction Rub in relation to respiratory health

A

Rough membranes moving against each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain Clubbed Fingers in relation to respiratory health

A

Sign of chronic hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the difference between HYPOXIA and ISCHEMIA?

A

HYPOXIA= lack of oxygen to tissues

ISCHEMIA= lack of supply to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the cause of a common cold?

A

Viral infection of upper respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a common cold?

A

Runny nose, nasal congestion, mouth breathing, sore throat, headache, fever, malaise
Cough, infection & inflammation - may lead to pharyngitis, laryngitis, or acute bronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the treatments for a common cold?

A

Symptomatic treatment

ex: fluids, rest, hot bath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the causes of sinusitis?

A

Usually caused by a bacterial infection secondary to a cold or allergy that obstructs the drainage of one or more of the paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of sinusitis?

A

Nasal congestion, fever, sore throat, PAIN IN FACE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the treatments for sinusitis?

A

Antibiotics and decongestant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the causes of influenza (FLU) ?

+

How does it differ from the common cold?

A

CAUSE=Contagious viral infection, may affect upper and lower tract : known as the “flu”

-Sudden, acute onset with fever, marked fatigue and aching pains (joints- arthralgia), anorexia, headache WHY!?
*SYSTEMIC effects, ALL CELLS affected by virus *

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms for influenza?

A

Fever, aches, pain, fatigue, sudden onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the treatments for influenza?

A

Tamiflu (brand), antiviral, treat symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the causes of pneumonia?

A

Lung infection - primary or secondary to another respiratory or systematic condition where tissue
Resistance is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the signs and symptoms for pneumonia?

A

Crackles, sputum, decreased O2, high respiratory rate, dyspnea, cough, high heart rate

34
Q

What are the treatments for pneumonia?

A

Antibiotics, supplemental oxygen, antipyretics, analgesics, oral fluid intake as tolerated

35
Q

What are the causes of SARS?

A

Acute respiratory infection

36
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of SARS?

A

Fever, headache, myalgia, chills, anorexia, frequent diarrhea, dry cough, dyspnea

37
Q

What are the treatments for SARS?

A

Antiviral and glucocorticoids

38
Q

causes of tuberculosis?

+

How is it spread?

A

An infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affects lungs. (Mycobacterium is an
Acid-fast, aerobic, slow growing bacillus, resistant to drying and disinfectants)

How is TB spread?
Oral droplets from person to person with active infection

39
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis?

A

Anorexia, malaise, fatigue weight loss, low grade fever, night sweats, prolonged
Cough, purulent sputum

40
Q

What are the treatments for tuberculosis?

A

Combination of drugs, routine culture and sensitivities

41
Q

What are the causes of lung cancer?

A

Primary and secondary cancers. Change in epithelial tissue due to chronic irritation

42
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of lung cancer?

A

Cough, dyspnea, wheezing, hemoptysis, pleural involvement, chest pain,
Hoarseness, weight loss, anemia, fatigue

43
Q

What are the treatments for lung cancer?

A

Radiofrequency ablation, surgical resection, lobectomy, chemotherapy, photodynamic
Therapy

44
Q

What are the causes of aspiration?

A

Foreign material into lungs rather than GI tract

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of aspirations?

A

Coughing, choking, stridor, dyspnea, hoarseness, wheezing, tachycardia, tachypnea,
Nasal flaring, chest retractions, marked hypoxia, cardia or respiratory arrest quickly ensues

46
Q

What are the treatments for aspirations?

A

Heimlich maneuver, back blows. Remove object. Supplemental O2. Surgery and supportive
Therapy

47
Q

What are the causes of asthma?

A

Severe but reversible bronchial obstruction in persons with hypersensitive or hyperresponsive airways

48
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?

A

Cough, dyspnea, tight chest, wheezing, breathing is rapid and laboured, thick mucus,
Tachycardia, hypoxia, respiratory acidosis, respiratory distress, cyanosis

49
Q

What are the treatment options for asthma?

A

Inhaled bronchodilators - beta 2 adrenergic agonist/anticholinergics

50
Q

What are the causes for emphysema?

A

Destruction to alveolar walls and septae - leading to permanently inflated alveolar air spaces
Can be classified for specific location of changes. Fibrosis, air trapping, over inflation (barrel chest).

51
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of emphysema?

A

Dyspnea, hyperventilation with prolonged expiratory phase, anorexia, fatigue &
Weight loss, clubbed fingers, secondary polycythemia

52
Q

What are the treatments for emphysema?

A

Rehabilitation, adequate nutrition, breathing techniques, antibiotics, bronchodilators,
Supplemental oxygen therapy

53
Q

What are the causes chronic bronchitis?

A

Significant changes to bronchi due to constant irritation from smoking or exposure, inflammation
And obstruction

54
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

A

Productive cough, tachypnea, shortness of breath, secretions are thick and purulent,
Cough and rhonchi are severe in morning, hypoxia (obstruction), weight loss, polycythemia

55
Q

What are the treatments for chronic bronchitis?

A

Reducing exposure, expectorants, supplemental O2, bronchodilators

56
Q

What are the causes for pulmonary edema?

A

Collection of fluid in alveoli and interstitial area. Inflammation, low protein levels, pulmonary
Hypertension

57
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema?

A

Cough, orthopnea, rales, hemoptysis, sputum is frothy, labored breathing, hypoxemia
Cyanosis

58
Q

What are the treatments for pulmonary edema?

A

Treat causative factor, positive pressure mechanical ventilation

59
Q

What are the causes of pulmonary embolus?

A

blood clot or mass obstructing pulmonary artery or branch, blocking blood flow to lung tissue

60
Q

What are the signs and symptoms pulmonary embolus?

A

Transient chest pain, cough, dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoxia, low BP (severe)

61
Q

What are the treatments for pulmonary embolus?

A

Anticoagulants, filters, mechanical ventilation, embolectomy

62
Q

What are the causes of atelectasis?

A

Non-aeration or collapse of lung or part of lung. Obstruction or compression

63
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of atelectasis?

A

SMALL: asymptomatic. LARGE: dyspnea, increased heart rate, increased respiratory
rates, decreased breath sounds

64
Q

What are the treatments for atelectasis?

A

Deep breathing exercises, positioning, forced coughing, removal of causative factor

65
Q

What are the causes of pleural effusion?

A

Presence of excessive fluid in pleural cavity

66
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pleural effusion?

A

Dyspnea, chest pain, increased heart rate and respirations

67
Q

What are the treatments for pleural effusion?

A

Treat cause, symptomatic treatment, drains, chest tube

68
Q

What are some causes of pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural cavity

69
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of pneumothorax?

A

Dyspnea, atelectasis, cough, chest pain, breath sounds, unequal chest expansion

70
Q

What are some treatments for pneumothorax?

A

Chest tube, occlusive dressing until further help is available

71
Q

What are some causes of hemothorax?

A

Blood in pleural cavity

72
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of hemothorax?

A

Dyspnea, chest pain, increased heart rate and respirations

73
Q

What are some treatments for hemothorax?

A

Treat cause, symptomatic treatment, drains, chest tube

74
Q

What does the upper respiratory system consist of?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

75
Q

What does the lower respiratory system consist of?

A

Trachea, primary bronchi, lungs

76
Q

process of inhalation

This process is called ___________________ it is essential to life.

A

When you inhale (breathe in), air enters your lungs, and oxygen from that air moves to your blood.

At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste gas, moves from your blood to the lungs and is exhaled (breathed out).

This process, called GAS EXCHANGE is essential to life.

77
Q

process of exhalation?

A

When you breathe out, or exhale, your diaphragm relaxes and moves up into your chest cavity. As the space in your chest cavity gets smaller, air rich in carbon dioxide is forced out of your lungs and windpipe, and then out your nose or mouth.

78
Q

What are residual volumes?

A

volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration.

79
Q

TUBERCULOSIS (TB) – PRIMARY INFECTION/LATENT

A

Occurs when microorganisms first enter lungs
Engulfed by macrophages = local inflammatory response
Lymphocytes and macrophages cluster together forming a granuloma at the site
The granuloma contains the bacteria (some of which remain alive and dormant) and this forms a tubercle.
Tubercles eventually become walled off by fibrous tissue and they calcify (referred to as Ghon complexes)
When calcified, the tubercles can be seen on x-ray
As long as the immune system is functioning, the bacteria remain in the tubercle –
the individual has been exposed but does not have an active infection

80
Q

TUBERCULOSIS (TB) – SECONDARY INFECTION/ ACTIVE TB

A

Secondary infection or reinfection is the phase of active TB infection
Often arises years after the primary infection or initial exposure
Usually arises due to decreased host resistance
As the infection continues, tissue destruction occurs causing an area of necrosis in the lung
This causes a large open area in the lung and erodes the bronchi and blood vessels (cavitation)

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions