PATHO: MODULE 8: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS Flashcards
Spirometry Pulmonary Functioning Test test for?
+ it’s function ?
-asthma
- (COPD)
*monitors your lung condition and check whether a treatment for a chronic lung condition is helping you breathe better.
What does oximetry measure?
What does oximetry measure?
Measures levels of oxygen in blood
What does the Exercise tolerance testing test for?
Monitor patient’s progress and chronic pulmonary disease for diagnosis
What does arteriole blood gas test for?
checks oxygen, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate levels - serum pH
What does a radiography test for?
Tumors and infection - calcified will appear on x-ray.
What does a bronchoscopy test for?
used in a biopsy or checking the site for lesion or bleeding
What does Culture and sensitivity of sputum test for?
Determines pathogen and what antibiotics needed to treat
What are the general signs and symptoms of alterations in respiratory health?
Hemoptysis
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Cyanosis
Hypoxemia
Hypercapnia
Sneezing
Coughing
Sputum
Breathing patterns
Pleural pain
Friction rub
Clubbed fingers
Explain hemoptysis in relation to the respiratory system
Blood in sputum
Explain dyspnea
Difficulty or laboured breathing.
Explain orthopnea in relation to respiratory health
Difficulty breathing supine.
Explain cyanosis in relation to respiratory health
-bluish-purple skin= lack of oxygen
- seen on lips, mouth, earlobes and fingernails
Explain hypoxemia in relation to respiratory health
Low oxygen in blood
Explain hypercapnia in relation to respiratory health
High carbon dioxide in blood
Explain sneezing in relation to respiratory health
reflex response to irritation in upper respiratory tract
Explain coughing in relation to respiratory health
Forceful expiration - unwanted material is blown upward and out of the mouth
Explain sputum in relation to respiratory health
Discharge from respiratory tract
Explain breathing patterns in relation to respiratory health
Should be effortless - changes are significant
Explain Pleural Pain in relation to respiratory health
Results from inflammation or infection of parietal pleura
Explain Friction Rub in relation to respiratory health
Rough membranes moving against each other
Explain Clubbed Fingers in relation to respiratory health
Sign of chronic hypoxia
what is the difference between HYPOXIA and ISCHEMIA?
HYPOXIA= lack of oxygen to tissues
ISCHEMIA= lack of supply to tissues
What are the cause of a common cold?
Viral infection of upper respiratory tract
What are the signs and symptoms of a common cold?
Runny nose, nasal congestion, mouth breathing, sore throat, headache, fever, malaise
Cough, infection & inflammation - may lead to pharyngitis, laryngitis, or acute bronchitis
What are the treatments for a common cold?
Symptomatic treatment
ex: fluids, rest, hot bath
What are the causes of sinusitis?
Usually caused by a bacterial infection secondary to a cold or allergy that obstructs the drainage of one or more of the paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity
What are the signs and symptoms of sinusitis?
Nasal congestion, fever, sore throat, PAIN IN FACE
What are the treatments for sinusitis?
Antibiotics and decongestant
What are the causes of influenza (FLU) ?
+
How does it differ from the common cold?
CAUSE=Contagious viral infection, may affect upper and lower tract : known as the “flu”
-Sudden, acute onset with fever, marked fatigue and aching pains (joints- arthralgia), anorexia, headache WHY!?
*SYSTEMIC effects, ALL CELLS affected by virus *
What are the signs and symptoms for influenza?
Fever, aches, pain, fatigue, sudden onset
What are the treatments for influenza?
Tamiflu (brand), antiviral, treat symptoms
What are the causes of pneumonia?
Lung infection - primary or secondary to another respiratory or systematic condition where tissue
Resistance is reduced
What are the signs and symptoms for pneumonia?
Crackles, sputum, decreased O2, high respiratory rate, dyspnea, cough, high heart rate
What are the treatments for pneumonia?
Antibiotics, supplemental oxygen, antipyretics, analgesics, oral fluid intake as tolerated
What are the causes of SARS?
Acute respiratory infection
What are the signs and symptoms of SARS?
Fever, headache, myalgia, chills, anorexia, frequent diarrhea, dry cough, dyspnea
What are the treatments for SARS?
Antiviral and glucocorticoids
causes of tuberculosis?
+
How is it spread?
An infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affects lungs. (Mycobacterium is an
Acid-fast, aerobic, slow growing bacillus, resistant to drying and disinfectants)
How is TB spread?
Oral droplets from person to person with active infection
What are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis?
Anorexia, malaise, fatigue weight loss, low grade fever, night sweats, prolonged
Cough, purulent sputum
What are the treatments for tuberculosis?
Combination of drugs, routine culture and sensitivities
What are the causes of lung cancer?
Primary and secondary cancers. Change in epithelial tissue due to chronic irritation
What are the signs and symptoms of lung cancer?
Cough, dyspnea, wheezing, hemoptysis, pleural involvement, chest pain,
Hoarseness, weight loss, anemia, fatigue
What are the treatments for lung cancer?
Radiofrequency ablation, surgical resection, lobectomy, chemotherapy, photodynamic
Therapy
What are the causes of aspiration?
Foreign material into lungs rather than GI tract
What are the signs and symptoms of aspirations?
Coughing, choking, stridor, dyspnea, hoarseness, wheezing, tachycardia, tachypnea,
Nasal flaring, chest retractions, marked hypoxia, cardia or respiratory arrest quickly ensues
What are the treatments for aspirations?
Heimlich maneuver, back blows. Remove object. Supplemental O2. Surgery and supportive
Therapy
What are the causes of asthma?
Severe but reversible bronchial obstruction in persons with hypersensitive or hyperresponsive airways
What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?
Cough, dyspnea, tight chest, wheezing, breathing is rapid and laboured, thick mucus,
Tachycardia, hypoxia, respiratory acidosis, respiratory distress, cyanosis
What are the treatment options for asthma?
Inhaled bronchodilators - beta 2 adrenergic agonist/anticholinergics
What are the causes for emphysema?
Destruction to alveolar walls and septae - leading to permanently inflated alveolar air spaces
Can be classified for specific location of changes. Fibrosis, air trapping, over inflation (barrel chest).
What are the signs and symptoms of emphysema?
Dyspnea, hyperventilation with prolonged expiratory phase, anorexia, fatigue &
Weight loss, clubbed fingers, secondary polycythemia
What are the treatments for emphysema?
Rehabilitation, adequate nutrition, breathing techniques, antibiotics, bronchodilators,
Supplemental oxygen therapy
What are the causes chronic bronchitis?
Significant changes to bronchi due to constant irritation from smoking or exposure, inflammation
And obstruction
What are the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis?
Productive cough, tachypnea, shortness of breath, secretions are thick and purulent,
Cough and rhonchi are severe in morning, hypoxia (obstruction), weight loss, polycythemia
What are the treatments for chronic bronchitis?
Reducing exposure, expectorants, supplemental O2, bronchodilators
What are the causes for pulmonary edema?
Collection of fluid in alveoli and interstitial area. Inflammation, low protein levels, pulmonary
Hypertension
What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema?
Cough, orthopnea, rales, hemoptysis, sputum is frothy, labored breathing, hypoxemia
Cyanosis
What are the treatments for pulmonary edema?
Treat causative factor, positive pressure mechanical ventilation
What are the causes of pulmonary embolus?
blood clot or mass obstructing pulmonary artery or branch, blocking blood flow to lung tissue
What are the signs and symptoms pulmonary embolus?
Transient chest pain, cough, dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoxia, low BP (severe)
What are the treatments for pulmonary embolus?
Anticoagulants, filters, mechanical ventilation, embolectomy
What are the causes of atelectasis?
Non-aeration or collapse of lung or part of lung. Obstruction or compression
What are the signs and symptoms of atelectasis?
SMALL: asymptomatic. LARGE: dyspnea, increased heart rate, increased respiratory
rates, decreased breath sounds
What are the treatments for atelectasis?
Deep breathing exercises, positioning, forced coughing, removal of causative factor
What are the causes of pleural effusion?
Presence of excessive fluid in pleural cavity
What are the signs and symptoms of pleural effusion?
Dyspnea, chest pain, increased heart rate and respirations
What are the treatments for pleural effusion?
Treat cause, symptomatic treatment, drains, chest tube
What are some causes of pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural cavity
What are some signs and symptoms of pneumothorax?
Dyspnea, atelectasis, cough, chest pain, breath sounds, unequal chest expansion
What are some treatments for pneumothorax?
Chest tube, occlusive dressing until further help is available
What are some causes of hemothorax?
Blood in pleural cavity
What are some signs and symptoms of hemothorax?
Dyspnea, chest pain, increased heart rate and respirations
What are some treatments for hemothorax?
Treat cause, symptomatic treatment, drains, chest tube
What does the upper respiratory system consist of?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
What does the lower respiratory system consist of?
Trachea, primary bronchi, lungs
process of inhalation
This process is called ___________________ it is essential to life.
When you inhale (breathe in), air enters your lungs, and oxygen from that air moves to your blood.
At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste gas, moves from your blood to the lungs and is exhaled (breathed out).
This process, called GAS EXCHANGE is essential to life.
process of exhalation?
When you breathe out, or exhale, your diaphragm relaxes and moves up into your chest cavity. As the space in your chest cavity gets smaller, air rich in carbon dioxide is forced out of your lungs and windpipe, and then out your nose or mouth.
What are residual volumes?
volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration.
TUBERCULOSIS (TB) – PRIMARY INFECTION/LATENT
Occurs when microorganisms first enter lungs
Engulfed by macrophages = local inflammatory response
Lymphocytes and macrophages cluster together forming a granuloma at the site
The granuloma contains the bacteria (some of which remain alive and dormant) and this forms a tubercle.
Tubercles eventually become walled off by fibrous tissue and they calcify (referred to as Ghon complexes)
When calcified, the tubercles can be seen on x-ray
As long as the immune system is functioning, the bacteria remain in the tubercle –
the individual has been exposed but does not have an active infection
TUBERCULOSIS (TB) – SECONDARY INFECTION/ ACTIVE TB
Secondary infection or reinfection is the phase of active TB infection
Often arises years after the primary infection or initial exposure
Usually arises due to decreased host resistance
As the infection continues, tissue destruction occurs causing an area of necrosis in the lung
This causes a large open area in the lung and erodes the bronchi and blood vessels (cavitation)
