Patho Midterm Questions Flashcards
A major consideration with Differential Diagnosis is:
- Sequential order is always essential
- Differential Diagnosis always provides a final diagnosis
- The domains are interdependent
- Laboratory assessments are always needed
-The domains are interdependent
At very high heart rate, cardiac output:
- Increases
- Decreases
- Stays the same
- Reverses
-Decreases
Which group of clinical findings indicates the poorest neurological functioning?
- No eye opening, responds to painful stimulus by withdrawing
- Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response
- Spontaneous eye opening, movement to command, oriented to self only
- Eyes open to light tough on shoulder, pupils briskly reactive to light bilaterally
-Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response
Most mutations associated with cancer:
- Are due to environmental exposures
- Are random in nature
- Are inherited
- Occur in the 6th decade of life
-Are due to environmental exposures
Messenger RNA carries the instructions for protein synthesis.
- True
- False
-True
Which of the following statements are correct regarding hypertension?
- Hypertensive crisis involves a sudden elevation of blood pressure that can be life threatening
- Primary hypertension results from any disease condition that increases cardiac output or total peripheral resistance
- Secondary or essential hypertension accounts for most of the hypertension
- Drugs used to treat hypertension are most typically directed at reducing cardiac output
-Hypertensive crisis involves a sudden elevation of blood pressure that can be life threatening
Which histological description is associated with temporal arteritis
- Hemosiderin deposition
- Granulomatous
- Nongranulomatous
- Linear deposits of IgG
-Granulomatous
The hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve would shift to the right during muscular activity, fever and acidosis, so that oxygen release to the tissue is favored. Which of the following statements about asthma is NOT CORRECT?
- Asthma may be characterized by a hyperinflation of the lungs, which is reflected as an increase
- Asthma is primarily a restrictive respiratory disorder
- In asthma, the FEV1/FVC ratio may be decreased from normal
- Decreased TLC is characteristic of a restrictive disorder
-Asthma is primarily a restrictive respiratory disorder
Which of the following disorders best describes a condition characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse injury to the alveolarcapillary membrane?
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Emphysema
- Bronchitis
- Asthma
-Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Jane has a weakening of her arterial wall that has created an out pouching on one side of the artery. This is best described as a:
- Dissecting aneurysm
- False aneurysm
- Fusiform aneurysm
- Saccular aneurysm
Screw this dumb question… but we picked:
-Saccular aneurysm
Coursehero online said it is false aneurysm
An example of a physiologic atrophy is:
- Thymus gland changes during childhood
- Changes in gonads as hormonal stimulation decreases
- Myocardial enlargement due to dilated chambers
- Increase in the size of the uterus and breasts in pregnancy
-Changes in gonads as hormonal stimulation decreases
A patient has an increased PaCO2 value at 69 mmHg and an increased bicarbonate value at 34 mEq/L. Based upon these values, the patient most likely was in:
- Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
- Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation
- Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
- Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
-Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation
Screening tests that measure the presence of blood in the stool include FOBT and CEA.
- True
- False
False
Cancer cells are associated with a number of mutations. One gene that is often mutated in cancer cells is the pRB gene. This gene is responsible for:
- Adding new telomeres to the chromosomes in the cell
- Causing phosphorylation of cellular proteins that are responsible for cell division
- Causing the cell to pause so that DNA repair can take place
- Allowing cells to pass the R point and become committed to completion of the cell cycle
-Allowing cells to pass the R point and become committed to completion of the cell cycle
The kind of genetic mutation that results in the change of an amino acid sequence in the protein sequence is best described as a:
- Silent mutation
- Missense mutation
- Nonsense mutation
- None of the options provided
-Missense mutation
Juanita has scar tissue between the pericardial layers around her heart. Juanita’s condition would best be described as:
- Restrictive pericarditis
- Cardiac tamponade
- Acute pericarditis
- Pericardial effusion
-Restrictive pericarditis
Which of the following genetic disorders results in aneuploidy?
- Sickle cell disease
- Hemophilia A
- Cystic fibrosis
- Down syndrome
-Down syndrome
Mild ischemia of the heart resulting in chest pain would be described as:
- Heart failure
- Myocardial infarction
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Angina pectoris
-Angina pectoris
Which of the following disease courses for Multiple Sclerosis is associated with episodes of acute worsening with recovery and a stable course between relapses?
- Secondary progressive
- Progressive relapsing
- Primary progressive
- Relapsing-remitting
-Relapsing-remitting
The neurotransmitter receptor that is found at parasympathetic postganglionic synapses that can be blocked by atropine is the:
- Muscarinic receptor
- Alpha-adrenergic receptor
- Nicotinic receptor
- Beta-adrenergic receptor
-Muscarinic receptor
Infection with Clostridium perfringens and the release of exotoxins is most likely associated with which type of gangrene?
- Dry gangrene
- Wet gangrene
- Gas gangrene
- Fournier’s gangrene
-Gas gangrene
Mutations in which type of genes is most generally associated with Hereditary NonPolyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC)?
- DNA repair genes
- Protooncogenes
- Genes encoding telomerase
- Tumor suppressor genes
-DNA repair genes
A tetratogenic agent is an environmental agent that produces abnormalities only during the first 4 weeks of embryonic or fetal development.
- True
- False
-False
Which of the following respiratory structures would be found in the respiratory zone?
- Trachea
- Alveoli
- Mucocilliary escalator
- Bronchi
-Alveoli
Two parents that are both carriers of cystic fibrosis have four children. How many would likely be carriers of cystic fibrosis?
- 3
- 2
- 1
- 4
-2
Jane had a chest infection and was feeling short of breath, experiencing a sharp pain in her chest. Her nurse practitioner detected diminished breath sounds and chest X-ray revealed that Jane was suffering from a pleural effusion. Thoracentesis (a pleural tap) was performed to remove a sample of the fluid causing the effusion, and lymph was detected. Most likely Jane is suffering from a(n):
- Hemothorax
- Empyema
- Chylothorax
- Hydrothorax
-Chylothorax
When assessing a patient with left heart failure, which of the following auscultation findings is most likely associated with pulmonary congestion?
- Distant heart sounds
- Wheezing or crackles
- Rhonchi
- Pleural friction rub
-Wheezing or crackles
The main blood vessels that regulate blood flow and distribution by changing vessel radius are the:
- Arteries
- Veins
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
-Arteries
The dementia of Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including:
- Significant aluminum deposits in the brain
- Degeneration of basal ganglia
- Hypertrophy of frontal lobe neurons
- Deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain
-Deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain
Which of the following clinical findings is most often seen in cerebral palsy?
- Lower motor neuron signs
- Developmental delay
- Homonymous hemianopsia
- Unilateral CN XII Palsy
We went back and forth between both the lower motor neuron signs & development delay. We ended up picking development delay, but the lower motor neuron signs may be the correct answer.
Which of the following statements about Pulmonary Fibrosis is NOT CORRECT?
- Reduced PaO2 levels are due to impaired gas exchange
- Pulmonary fibrosis may be associated with an inflammatory process that leads to an increase in scar tissue
- Decreased PaCO2 levels may be due to the effect of hyperventilation
- Persons with pulmonary fibrosis have an increased total lung capacity (TLC)
-Persons with pulmonary fibrosis have an increased total lung capacity (TLC)
Which of the following statements are correct about Hemophilia A?
- Hemophilia A is generally only found in males because it is carried on the Y chromosome
- Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive disorder
- Hemophilia A is mitochondrially inherited from mother to child
- Hemophilia A is only carried by females with two affected alleles
-Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive disorder
Cells can die by necrosis or apoptosis. Which of the following characteristics is associated with apoptosis BUT NOT necrosis?
- Autodigestion
- Fragmented DNA
- Inflammatory response
- Pyknosis
-Autodigestion
Which is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
- Shift of potassium out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure
- Reduction in the ATP production caused by edema from an influx in sodium
- Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production
- Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis
-Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production***
In pulmonary function testing, a patient fills their lungs as much as possible then blows out as much air as they can. The amount of air they would expire (from maximal inspiration to a maximal expiration) is the:
- Vital capacity
- Functional residual capacity
- Total lung capacity
- Residual volume
-Vital capacity
Most genetic disorders of medical importance involve a combination of changes in a number of genes that are either inherited or acquired by environmental influences. Such genetic disorders are best described as:
- Multifactorial disorders
- Mitochondrial disorders
- Chromosomal disorders
- Single-gene disorders
-Multifactorial disorders
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is associated with expansion of which of the following cell populations?
- Lymphocytes only
- Granulocytes, Erythrocytes, and Platelets only
- Granulocytes and Platelets only
- Erythrocytes only
-Granulocytes, Erythrocytes, and Platelets only
CNS cells that maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier are called:
- Astrocytes
- Ganglia
- Neurocytes
- Leptocytes
-Astrocytes
Chest pain is caused by the build-up of the following substance that is formed under anaerobic respiration:
- Lactic acid
- Carbon dioxide
- Glucose
- Oxygen
-Lactic acid
Identify the pathogenic process that is most likely associated with atherosclerosis.
- Lipid accumulation in the lumen of the blood vessel
- Calcification of the blood vessel
- Hypertrophy of the blood vessel
- Fibrosis of the blood vessel
-Lipid accumulation in the lumen of the blood vessel
Which of the following stages of Alzheimer’s disease would most likely be associated with mild forgetfulness, absent-mindedness and occasionally misplacing items?
- Moderate
- Pre-dementia
- Early
- Late
-Early
