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Patho Flash Cards

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1
Q

What is a Neoplasm

A

The result of Neoplasia; an abnormal mass

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2
Q

Malignant Neoplasm

A
  • rapid growth
  • disorderly organization
  • undifferentiated
  • irreversible
  • invasive
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3
Q

Benign Neoplasm

A
  • greater than normal growth
  • encapsulated
  • differentiated
  • may be stopped (reversible)
  • non-invasive
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4
Q

4 types of Mutated Genes

A
  1. DNA repair genes
  2. Proto-oncogenes
  3. Tumor suppressor genes
  4. Oncogenes (blanket term)
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5
Q

Suffix for Benign Neoplasms?

A

-oma

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6
Q

Suffixes for Malignant Neoplasms?

A
  • carcinoma

- sarcoma

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7
Q

Tissues that are affected by a Carcinoma?

A

epithelial tissue

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8
Q

Tissues that are affected by a Sarcoma?

A

mesenchyme (non-epithelial)

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9
Q

how quickly does a Neoplasm double in size

A

120 days

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10
Q

How long for a tumour to reach 1 cm in diameter

A

10 years

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11
Q

3 types of Tumour spread

A
  1. Invasion and extension
  2. seeding
  3. metastasis
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12
Q

What is Invasion and Extension

A

localized spread (tissue/organ)

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13
Q

What is Seeding?

A

distant spread to body cavities (not at the location of origin)

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14
Q

What is Metastasis?

A

migration of neoplastic cells travelling from the primary site to the secondary site within the body via blood vessels, lymph or both

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15
Q

What is the most common secondary site?

A

Lymph tissue

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16
Q

What are the 4 favoured sites for for Metastasis?

A

Bone, Brain, Lungs, Liver

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17
Q

What are the 4 prerequisites for the secondary site?

A
  1. Adequate perfusion
  2. size of location
  3. 4.
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18
Q

What are the three steps required for Tumour spread?

A
  1. neoplasm must invade local tissue and enter circulatory or lymphatic system
  2. the neoplasm must survive within the circulatory or lymphatic tissue and travel
  3. proliferate and perform angiogenesis at secondary site
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19
Q

What is the scale for Grading tumours and what do the grades mean?

A

Grading will be 1 - 4 (I-IV) and will determine the degree of invasion

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20
Q

What is the scale for Staging tumours and what do the stages mean?

A 
We use the TMN protocol 
T = Size of Tumour (T0 - T4)
N = Regional Lymph node involvement (N0 - N5)
M = Metastasis (M0 - M1)
TxNxMx = tumour that cannot be assessed
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21
Q

What are 6 ways to Treat Neoplasms and Cancer?

A
  1. Chemotherapy
  2. Radiation
  3. Hormone Therapy
  4. Surgery (Sx)
  5. Immunotherapy
  6. Combination Therapy
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22
Q

What is Chemotherapy?

A

Chemicals injected via IV that targets cell proliferation via DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
Targets ALL CELLS

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23
Q

What is Radiation?

A

destruction of cells via free radical administration to cause cell necrosis.
Targets ALL CELLS

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24
Q

What is Hormone Therapy?

A

targets neoplasms that require hormones to grow and inhibits the effectiveness of these hormones
Targets ONLY THE NEOPLASM and cells that require that hormone

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25
Q

What is Surgery?

A

the physical excision of the tumour

Targets ONLY THE NEOPLASM

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26
Q

What is Immunotherapy?

A

stimulates IR to target CA cells and neoplasm. Requires the individuals cells to be cultured in a lab.
Targets ONLY THE NEOPLASM

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27
Q

What is Combination Therapy?

A

a combination of any or all of chemo, radiation, hormone therapy, surgery or immunotherapy

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28
Q

What are Congenital Abnormalities?

A

Birth defects; developmental error during embryogenesis

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29
Q

Is this Genetic?

A

No

30
Q

When is the embryo in its vulnerable stage?

A

during organogenesis which occurs during the first 6 weeks of gestation (15-60 days after conception)

31
Q

What is the Critical period?

A

the specific time when a specific organ is being developed; some overlap can occur with several organs critical period

32
Q

What are Teratogens?

A

any factor that is responsible for a birth defect

33
Q

What are some examples of Teratogens?

A

Thalidomide; cigarette smoke, alcohol; malnutrition

34
Q

What are the critical periods for CNS, Heart, Extremities, Eyes and External genitalia

A 
CNS = 2 - 4.5 weeks
Heart = 2.5 - 6 weeks
Extremities = 3.5 - 7 weeks
Eyes = 3.5 - 7.5 weeks
External Genitalia = 6.5 - 9 weeks
35
Q

What are Genetic abnormalities

A

alteration in the genes, chromosomes or transmissions of genetic code

36
Q

What are the 4 types of genetic abnormalities?

A

Monogenic
Mitochondrial
Complex Trait
Chromosomal

37
Q

What is a Monogenic abnormality?

A

1 defective gene that is passed on from parent to offspring

38
Q

What is a Mitochondrial abnormality?

A

alteration in the gene represented on the mitochondria

39
Q

What is a Complex Trait abnormality?

A

alterations in multiple genes considering multiple factors

40
Q

Whats is a Chromosomal Abnormality?

A

excess or lack of a chromosome count

41
Q

What are the 3 types of Monogenic Abnormalities?

A
  1. autosomal dominant (non-gamete)
  2. autosomal recessive
  3. X-linked recessive
42
Q

What is an autosomal dominant abnormality and who is affected by it?

A

single allele is affected causing manifestations
50% probability (offspring)
50% clear

43
Q

What is an autosomal recessive abnormality and who is affected by it?

A

both alleles affected causing manifestations
25% clear
25% affected
50% carriers (no mnfts)

44
Q

What is a mitochondrial gene disorder?

A

one of the 37 mitochondrial genes have been altered

45
Q

Why are mitochondrial gene disorders maternally inherited?

A

mother hosts the egg (containing mitochondria) and the fathers sperm loses its mitochondria during conception

46
Q

Why do Mitochondrial gene disorders cause neuromuscular defects?

A

mitochondria produce ATP. these two systems (muscular and neural) require the most ATP to function

47
Q

What is a Complex Trait gene disorder?

A

polygenic defect that has environmental considerations with multifactorial effects on the body

48
Q

What are Chromosomal abnormalities?

A

abnormalities of the structure or number of chromosomes in their pairings

49
Q

What is a numeric chromosomal abnormality?

A

chromosomes have either an extra or a missing (aneuploidy) chromosome

50
Q

What is a numeric chromosomal abnormality?

A

chromosomes have either an extra or a missing (aneuploidy) chromosome
Monosomy = missing chromosome (1)
Trisomy = extra chromosome (3)

51
Q

Can Monosomy occur in autosomal and sex chromosomes?

A

No, missing half of your genetic code for basic life sustain will result in death

52
Q

What is Klinefelters Syndrome
How prevalent is it
How is it presented?

A

Sex chromosomes of Men (XY) resulting in an extra X chromosome (XXY); this occurs in 1:500 live births in men and is an example of trisomy. This presents as large breasts, inability to produce sperm, reduced hair content, and small testes

53
Q

What is Turners Syndrome
How prevalent is it
How is it presented?

A

Sex chromosomes of women (XX) resulting in a lost chromosome (X0); this occurs in 1:2500 live births in women and is an example of monosomy. This presents as a smaller stature, no secondary sex characteristics, no menstruations,

54
Q

What are structural defects in chromosomal abnormalities?

A

alterations to the physical creation of each chromosome during mitosis

55
Q

What are the types and sub-types of the structural defects in chromosomal abnormalities?

A 
Inversion
--- Pericentric
--- Paracentric
Translocation 
--- Balanced 
--- Robertsonian 
--- Isochromosomal
Deletion
--- Ring formation
56
Q

What is Edema?

A

fluid accumulation in the Interstitial space (IS) from the Vascular space (VS)

57
Q

What are the 4 causes of Edema?

A
  1. Increased Hydrostatic pressure
  2. Decreased Osmotic pressure
  3. Increased capillary permeability
  4. Lymphatic vessel obstruction
58
Q

What is Dehydration?

A

volume deficit in the Vascular space and Interstitial space

59
Q

What are the 3 causes of Dehydration?

A
  1. inadequate fluid intake
  2. Loss to 3rd spacing
  3. increased fluid loss through GI, Renal or skin
60
Q

What is 3rd Spacing?

A

Fluid accumulation in the Transcellular space

61
Q

Why is 3rd spacing a problem?

A

Fluid is not easily moved into or out of the Transcellular space. Therefore, it can decrease volume level in the Vascular space to a fatal level

62
Q

Does the human body naturally have a homeostatic balance of its pH?

A

yes

63
Q

What is the pH of the blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

64
Q

Why is this critically variable?

A

every Fxn in the human body relies on a stable pH level of its environment

65
Q

What are the 4 types of imbalances?

A
  1. Respiratory acidosis
  2. Respiratory alkalosis
  3. Metabolic acidosis
  4. Metabolic alkalosis
66
Q

Explain Respiratory acidosis

A

Hypoventilation –> decreased CO2 elimination –> decreased pH –> Acidosis

67
Q

Explain Respiratory alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation –> increased CO2 elimination –> increased pH –> Alkalosis

68
Q

Explain Metabolic acidosis

A

Decreased urinary excretion –> decreased H+ excretion

–> increased H+ in blood –> decreased pH –> Acidosis

69
Q

Explain Metabolic alkalosis

A

Increased urinary excretion –> increased H+ excretion –> decreased H+ in blood –> increased pH –> Alkalosis

70
Q

How does the human body compensate for each imbalance?

A

Respiratory Acidosis will be compensated by Metabolic Alkalosis and vice versa while Respiratory Alkalosis will be compensated by Metabolic Acidosis

71
Q

How would you treat Electrolyte imbalances?

A
  • Oral and IV fluids

- Resolve underlying problem causing the imbalance

Nursing (5 decks)

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