132 Final

Question 1

How do beliefs and assumptions influence definitions of health?

Answer 1

by altering the way individuals view health and how they view themselves. eg. a white, straight Catholic male with 5 kids will view his health much differently from a black, gay female atheist with her wife.

Question 2

Various Definitions of health

Answer 2

Old English - the state and condition of being sound or whole
WHO (1948) - Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Wiki - Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans, it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social challenges

Question 3

Why is health more than the absence of disease?

Answer 3

Health is a multidimensional concept that encompasses physical, emotional, spiritual and mental well-being. Saying good health is merely the absence of disease ignores the other components of good health and only emhasizes the physical

Question 4

The importance of Health to individuals, communities and society

Answer 4

Individuals - have the health literacy available to them to maintain and recieve good health
Communities - responsible for providing individuals with the resources and means to maintain ans achieve good health
Society - responsible for creating healthy policies, encouraging empowerment within the society and ensuring the communities are capable to provide good health care and services

Question 5

What is Statistical Literacy? (3)

Answer 5

• is critical thinking about numbers, about statistics used as evidence in arguments
• the ability to read and interpret numbers in statements, surveys, tables and graphs
• studies how statistical associations are used as evidence for casual connections

Question 6

Epidemiology?

Answer 6

The quantitative study of health problems; nowadays the term is used without necessary reference to infectious disease

Question 7

Statistics?

Answer 7

numerical data relating to an aggregate of individuals; science of collecting, analysing and interpreting such data

Question 8

Data?

Answer 8

Characteristics of information, usually numerical, that are collected through observation

Question 9

Correlation?

Answer 9

denotes the interdependence between quantitative and qualitative data. Denotes the relationship between measure variates and ranks

Question 10

Qualitative Data?

Answer 10

data describing the attributes or properties that an object possess. The properties are categorized into classes that may be assigned numeric values. These values just represent attributes about the object concerned and do not have real value themselves

Question 11

Reliability?

Answer 11

closeness of the initial estimated value(s) to the subsequent related values

Question 12

Average Value?

Answer 12

purports to represent or to summarize the relevant features of a set of values. Includes median and mode. Arithmetic mean.

Question 13

Descriptive Statistics?

Answer 13

a term used to denote statistical data of a descriptive kind or the methods of handling such data, as contrasted with theoretical statistics which, though dealing with practical data, usually involve some process of inference in probability for their interpretation.

Question 14

Mean?

Answer 14

refers to the expectation of a variate, or to the arithmetic mean of a sample used as an estimate of the expectation

Question 15

Vital Statistics?

Answer 15

information systemically collected and compiled in numerical form, relating to or derived from vital event records.

Question 16

Define Health Indicators

Answer 16

• measures of health that the factors that affect health (gauges on a cars dashboard)
• Helps governments and communities analyze health needs of a community

Question 17

What are the 5 dimensions of Health Indicators?

Answer 17

1) Health Status
2) Non-medical determinants of Health
3) Health System performance
4) Community and Health Care statistics
5) Equity (disparity)

Question 18

What are the 5 Components of Health Indicators?

Answer 18

1) Title/Definition
2) Methodology
3) Data
4) Rationale/Commentary
5) Limitations

Question 19

What CAN’T Health Indicators do?

Answer 19

• raise questions (not answers)
• must be used in conjuction with other indicators (cannot use isolated)
• should not be used for unintended purposes

Question 20

Define Health Literacy

Answer 20

The degree in which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

Question 21

What is the relationship between Literacy and Health?

Answer 21

The relationship between the two is direct. poor literacy often relates to poor health

Question 22

Why is Health Literacy Important?

Answer 22

Health Literacy affects everyone and their ability to recieve health care. having a limited literacy knowledge is an independant risk factor to poor health

Question 23

What are the barriers to Health Literacy?

Answer 23

• unneccessary jargon and terminology in health services
• ## Low-health care costs

Question 24

What are the six (6) historical definitions of Health Promotion and the legal document they were a part of, as well as the year they were declared ?

Answer 24

• Lalonde Report (1974)
• Alma Ata Declaration (1978)
• Ottawa Charter (1986)
• Jakarta Declaration (1997)
• Y2K (2005)
• Shanghai Declaration (2016)

Question 25

Define the Lalonde Report

Answer 25

first report that recognized a flawed health-care system. it saw that it was reactive and not proactive. addressed this issue that the health care system doesn’t promote health and that that needs to change

Question 26

Define the Alma Ata Declaration

Answer 26

States that:
- health is a human right
- addresses health inequalities between countries
- Economic and social security are basic pre-cursors to health
- health requires participation
Addressed the first ever ‘upstream approach’ to health care and defined it as the first level of contact of individuals, families and community

Question 27

Define the Ottawa Charter

Answer 27

defined health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.
Advocate: aims to make conditions favorable
Enable: Health equity is reached to where individuals are empowered to control their determinants to attain the highest quality of life
Mediate: focuses on collaboration between governmental and independant organizations to achieve health promotion

Question 28

Define the Jakarta Declaration

Answer 28

defined as a practical approach to achieving greater equity in health. entails; 
Social Responsibility 
Health Equity 
Investments for health development 
Build Partnerships 
Increase community capacity

Question 29

What are the key elements of population health? (8)

Answer 29

• Focus on the health of populations
• Address the determinants of health and their interactions
• Base decisions on evidence
• Increase upstream investments
• Apply multiple strategies
• Collaborate across sectors and levels
• Employ Mechanisms for Public involvment
• Demonstarte accountablilty for Health Outcomes
  (FAB DICE)

Question 30

What is Epidemiology?

Answer 30

the study and analysis of the distrubution and determinants of Health and disease in affected populations