Patho Final Flashcards
Modifiable Risk Factors for Hypertension
Diet Exercise Weight Sugar Cholesterol Smoking Alcohol consumption
Non modifiable Risk factors for hypertension
Age
Family History
Ethnicity/genetics
How is hypertension managed/treated?
- Low sodium Diet
- Low fat
- Low cholesterol
- increase exercise and physical activity
What medications are often prescribed for hypertension?
- Diueretics
- Beta Blockers (End in LOL)
- Ace inhibitors (pril)
- ARBs– end in Tan or Losartan
- Calcium channel blockers
What are complications of hypertension if left untreated?
- Renal Failure
- Stroke
- Kidney Disease
- Heart Disease
- Peripheral vascular disease
- Changes in vision(due to vessels in eyes being delicate)
What is the role of RAAS in managing blood pressure?
Creates enzymes to regulate blood pressure
occurs when arterial blood pressure declines
When does renin occur?
when arterial blood pressure declines
What is coronary artery disease?
Narrowing of small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart
What is atherosclerosis?
Fatty material and plaque buildup on the walls of the arteries-causing them to narrow, impeding blood flow
How does plaque formation begin?
When there is damage to the endothelium the fatty material builds up(plaque) to try and help repair the damage.
Stable Angina most common (predictable)
In response to physical activity or emotional response (stress and anxiety)
-relieved by rest and nitroglycerine (vasodilator)
Unstable angina
- unpredictable (occlusion severe enough that causes ischemia)
- Pain increases with occurrence and severity overtime
- unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerine
What diagnostic tool is used to identify acute coronary syndrome?
EKG
Afterload
Aortic impedance that the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood during systole(How much force it has to overcome to push blood out)
Preload
Amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (how much blood is left)
Ischemia
restriction in blood supply tissue causing a shortage of oxygen
Contractility
inherent state of activation of cardiac muscle fibers
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
Left sided heart failure (Left=Lungs)
Most common
blood backs up into the lungs
Cirrhosis (end stage liver disease)
irreversible end-stage of many different hepatic injuries
Alcoholism, acute hepatitis, toxic hepatitis(taking too much Tylenol) and liver is fibrotic and scarred
What is another name for cirrhosis?
end stage liver disease
What happens to albumin production with liver failure?
Albumin production decreases during liver failure
