Patho Final

Question 1

Modifiable Risk Factors for Hypertension

Answer 1

Diet
Exercise
Weight
Sugar
Cholesterol
Smoking
Alcohol consumption

Question 2

Non modifiable Risk factors for hypertension

Answer 2

Age
Family History
Ethnicity/genetics

Question 3

How is hypertension managed/treated?

Answer 3

• Low sodium Diet
• Low fat
• Low cholesterol
• increase exercise and physical activity

Question 4

What medications are often prescribed for hypertension?

Answer 4

• Diueretics
• Beta Blockers (End in LOL)
• Ace inhibitors (pril)
• ARBs– end in Tan or Losartan
• Calcium channel blockers

Question 5

What are complications of hypertension if left untreated?

Answer 5

• Renal Failure
• Stroke
• Kidney Disease
• Heart Disease
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Changes in vision(due to vessels in eyes being delicate)

Question 6

What is the role of RAAS in managing blood pressure?

Answer 6

Creates enzymes to regulate blood pressure

occurs when arterial blood pressure declines

Question 7

When does renin occur?

Answer 7

when arterial blood pressure declines

Question 8

What is coronary artery disease?

Answer 8

Narrowing of small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart

Question 9

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 9

Fatty material and plaque buildup on the walls of the arteries-causing them to narrow, impeding blood flow

Question 10

How does plaque formation begin?

Answer 10

When there is damage to the endothelium the fatty material builds up(plaque) to try and help repair the damage.

Question 11

Stable Angina most common (predictable)

Answer 11

In response to physical activity or emotional response (stress and anxiety)
-relieved by rest and nitroglycerine (vasodilator)

Question 12

Unstable angina

Answer 12

• unpredictable (occlusion severe enough that causes ischemia)
• Pain increases with occurrence and severity overtime
• unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerine

Question 13

What diagnostic tool is used to identify acute coronary syndrome?

Answer 13

EKG

Question 14

Afterload

Answer 14

Aortic impedance that the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood during systole(How much force it has to overcome to push blood out)

Question 15

Preload

Answer 15

Amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (how much blood is left)

Question 16

Ischemia

Answer 16

restriction in blood supply tissue causing a shortage of oxygen

Question 17

Contractility

Answer 17

inherent state of activation of cardiac muscle fibers

Question 18

cardiac output

Answer 18

the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute

Question 19

Left sided heart failure (Left=Lungs)

Answer 19

Most common

blood backs up into the lungs

Question 20

Cirrhosis (end stage liver disease)

Answer 20

irreversible end-stage of many different hepatic injuries

Alcoholism, acute hepatitis, toxic hepatitis(taking too much Tylenol) and liver is fibrotic and scarred

Question 21

What is another name for cirrhosis?

Answer 21

end stage liver disease

Question 22

What happens to albumin production with liver failure?

Answer 22

Albumin production decreases during liver failure