Patho Exam Flashcards
Contact dermatitis
contact with an allergen. Redness (erythema) itching (pruritis)
Scabies
tiny mites, linear burrows in the hands/wrist normally, itching, redness, excoriation
Urticaria or hives
which hypersensitivity
Type I, IgE
Psoriasis
cells build up too rapidly on the skins service, kerantinocytes, psoriatic arthritis
1st degree burns
superficial, erythema, slight pain
2nd degree burns
partial thickness, epidermis and dermis, blistering, pain
3rd degree burns
full thickness, charred skin, numbness
Hemangioma
tumor of blood vessels, usually benign
Lice
pediculosis
feed off of blood
Pressure injuries
prolonged pressure on a bony prominence
Stage I
erythema, non blanchable, skin is still intact
Stage II
skin is not intact, broken through the epidermal layer
Stage III
gone through the subcutaneous tissue, possibly see bone/muscle
Stage IV
Pressure Ulcer
extensive destruction, all the way through, necrosis
Tinea
Ringworm: circular erythematous itchy rash
Strep and staph
skin infections
Shingles
rash of the sensory nerves in a dermatomal pattern, carrying the chicken pox virus, erythematous, vesicular-fluid filled lesions
Where is SKIN cancer normally found on the body?
“arms”
ABCDE
Asymmetry Border Color Diameter Evolving
Mongolian spot
flat bluish gray patch on the lower back, benign, darker color
Albinism
lacking melanin, hair, eyes, skin, all lighter, optic nerve impairment
Molluscum contagiosum
poxvirus infection, small, pink, cone shaped palpules, contagious through direct contact.
Furuncle
boil: can begin in the hair follicles, firm painful nodule, exudate
Rosacea
chronic inflammatory condition that usually affects the face. Erythema and spiderlike blood vessels.
Gout
Too much uric acid in the joint space. Pain, erythema, swelling, warmth. Excessive intake of purines.
Muscular dystrophy
progressive muscle loss, leads to weakness. Cardiomyopathy, muscle spasms.
Osteoarthritis
wear and tear, degenerative joint disease, progress loss of joint function due to repetitive use. Erythema, joint stiffness, loss cartilage, increased pain with weight bearing activity.
Osteoporosis
calcium deficiency: progressive loss leaves bone brittle: imbalance bone resorption and bone formation: brittle: pathologic fractures
Psoriasis can lead
psoriatic arthritis
Lordosis
exaggerated concave curvature of the lumbar spine.
Kyphosis
Curvature of the thoracic spine outward, hunch back, hump
Scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine: pulmonary compromise
Compartment syndrome
s/p trauma, increased pressure in an internal compartment placing pressure on the nerves and vessels, leading the pain distal the extremity as well as numbness, tingling and lack of pulses
5Ps of compartment syndrome
Pain Pallor Parasthesia Paralysis Pulselessness
3 complications from compartment syndrome
Osteomyelitis: infections of the bone tissue
Osteonecrosis: death of bone tissue due to loss of blood supply
Fat embolism: piece of fat in the blood vessel that breaks off, can go to the heart, lungs or brain. Shortness of breath, confusion, chest pain, petechiae (pinpoint red lesions of chest) on head and chest
Muscle Atrophy
happens to who
muscle loss: elderly, bedrest, cast, paraplegic
Osteomalacia/Rickets
adults/kids: lack of vitamin D, bowlegged appearance
Dislocation
joint is forced out of a normal position.
Hip dysplasia
normally of the children, relaxation of ligaments around the hip joint
Why someone might need an amputation?
Osteomyelitis, gangrene, diabetes
Sprain
ligament
Strain
Tendon or muscle
Herniated disc
pressure on the spinal, disc are protruding into the spinal canal, weakness of the skeletal muscles causing impaired nerve supply
Stress fracture
repeated or excessive activity on the bone
Pathologic fracture
weakness of the bone due to an underlying disease
Oblique fracture
angle of the bone shaft
Transverse fracture
across the bone shaft
Compression fracture
crushed or collapse into small pieces
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune inflammatory disorder, inflammation of the synovial joint, fever, joint pain, joint swelling, erythema
Fibromyalgia
diffuse pain that is poorly understood
Osteogenesis imperfecta
brittle bone disorder, inherited, fractures least of trauma.
glass house
Osteosarcoma
bone cancer, very malignant, usually in children
Pagets disease
progressive metabolic condition, overactive osteoclast, replacement of bone with weaker bones and fibrous tissue, bones look in enlarged and malformed, bones are weaker, pathologic
Ankylosing spondylitis
diffuse and calcify, think stiffness, can happen anywhere, usually in the spine.
Scleroderma
hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues.
Passive immunity
Acquired from mother, passing through breast milk.
Active Immunity
Exposed to the virus, or receiving the vaccine.
Histamine
released when exposed to an allergen. Potent vasodilator.
Macrophages
engulf foreign substances, phagocytosis
T Cells
Killer and helper: go directly to the virus and kill it.
B Cells
release antibodies, memory cells
Basophils
Severe allergic reactions
Eosinophil
parasitic infections, allergens, such outside allergies
Lymphocytes
viral infections, specialized adaptive cells
Neutrophils
bacteria, fungal infections
Edema/swelling
- Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- Increased capillary permeability
- Venous obstruction
- Increase plasma volume secondary to sodium and water retention
IgA
found in the lining of resp. tract, digestive system, tears, saliva, breast mild
IgD
found in blood, poorly understood
IgM
found in blood and fluid
IgG
most common, found in blood and body fluids, fighting against bacterial and viral infections
IgE
found in blood, allergens.
Localized inflammation
in one area, redness, swelling, increased warmth, pain
Systemic inflammation
fever, chills, malaise, hypotension, tachycardia,
Interferons
They are our protein friends. Stop viruses from replicating.
First barrier
skin and mucous membranes
Lupus
autoimmune disorder, butterfly rash (malar) achy joints, fever, malaise, weight loss
RA
autoimmune disorder, inflammation synovial sac/membrane, swelling, fever malaise
Opportunistic infections
autoimmune diseases, HIV, cancer, immunocompromised, emaciated, failure to thrive
Hypersensitivity
Type I: immediate, severe allergic reaction, increased basophils, IgE, peanut allergy
Type II: immediate, cytoxic, IgG, IgM, hemolytic anemia of the newborn, RH negative mom producing antibodies to future pregnancies
Type III: immune complex mediated, delayed, local, systemic, serum sickness
Type IV : delayed hypersensitivy, Mantoux test
ESR
Inflammation
Chronic stress can lead to
Hypertension
Depression
Hyperglycemia
HIV
Whats cells are destroyed?
CD4 T-helper cells they are destroyed
Cachexia
weight loss, emaciated
metastasis
Cancer cells can invade other cells
Steps of carcinogenesis
Initiation: production
Promotion: uncontrolled growth
Progression : moves to other cells, malignant
Anaplastic cells
Divide rapidly, loose differentiation
mammogram
Breast cancer
What should you be screened for at
50 years old?
Colon cancer
Neoplasia
New abnormal cell
Low blood pressure or low volumes…kidneys produce what?
Renin
Hypertension, tachycardia, vasoactive constriction, increased peripheral vascular resistance
Organelle
Eukyotic Cell
What is produced in the
Mitochondria?
powerhouse, produces/ATP
Endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes that synthesis/produce proteins.
Homeostasis
What effects homeostasis?
- maintain equilibrium
- Infection, illness, temperature, fever
Atrophy
low functionality of muscle, decrease cell size
Hypertrophy
low functionality, increased cell size
Hyperplasia
increase proliferation of tissues
Ischemia
Not getting enough oxygen
Contraindication
Sign
Symptom
Objective data
not giving a product/medicine/procedure that could cause harm
- what the patient states
- high blood pressure, excessive bleeding, redness
- vital signs
What are some causes of edema?
- increased total extracellular fluid
- high local venous pressure
- lymphatic obstruction
- increased capillary permeability
- low plasma oncotic pressure/serum albumin
Trousseau sign?
Hypocalcemia, placed blood pressure cuff on the upper arm and you will have hand flexion.
Chvosteks sign?
Hypocalcemia, tap on the face and muscle twitching of the face.
Dehydration?
Thirst
Osmosis
Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration
Excess fluid
Edema, hypertension, tachycardia, bounding pulses, crackles
Extracellular fluid
Sodium and chloride
Intracellular fluid
Potassium and magnesium
Fluid excretion
Sweating and urination
Hyponatremia/brain why is this a medical emergency
Make free water into the cells of the brain, then swelling places pressure on the brain, leading brain ischemia
Bones/teeth
calcium
Potassium
3.5-5/EKG/dysrhythmias
Sodium
135-145
Calcium
8-10.8
Chloride
98-108
Gastroenteritis
Symptoms-
Gastro-stomach
Enter-intestines
Itis-inflammation
Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, stomach pain
Loosing acid, metabolic alkalosis
Active transport
low to high with the use of concentration gradient with the help of ATP
Hypertonic solution
higher solutes shifting in
Hypotonic solution
lower solutes shifting out
Isotonic solution
Equal
Highest daily loss of fluids
urination
Hypoxemia
a below-normal level of oxygen in your blood, specifically in the arteries. Hypoxemia is a sign of a problem related to breathing or circulation, and may result in various symptoms, such as shortness of breath
pH
7.35-7.45
PaCO2
35-45
HCO3 or bicarb
22-26
pH: 7.57 alkalotic
PaCO2: 36 normal
HCO3 Bicarb: 30 high
PaO2: 78% low
Answer: metabolic alkalosis with hypoxemia
pH: 7.14 acidotic
PaCO2: 42 normal
HCO3 Bicarb: 16 low
PaO2: 72% low
Answer: metabolic acidosis with hypoxemia
pH :7.50 alkalotic
PaCO2: 47 high
HCO3 Bicarb: 32 high
PaO2: 84% normal
Answer: metabolic alkalosis partially compensated
pH : 7.30 acidotic
PaCO2: 50 high
HCO3 Bicarb: 28 high
PaO2: 79% low
Answer: Respiratory acidosis with hypoxemia
