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intro to nursing > Patho Exam > Flashcards

Patho Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

contact with an allergen. Redness (erythema) itching (pruritis)

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2
Q

Scabies

A

tiny mites, linear burrows in the hands/wrist normally, itching, redness, excoriation

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3
Q

Urticaria or hives

which hypersensitivity

A

Type I, IgE

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4
Q

Psoriasis

A

cells build up too rapidly on the skins service, kerantinocytes, psoriatic arthritis

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5
Q

1st degree burns

A

superficial, erythema, slight pain

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6
Q

2nd degree burns

A

partial thickness, epidermis and dermis, blistering, pain

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7
Q

3rd degree burns

A

full thickness, charred skin, numbness

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8
Q

Hemangioma

A

tumor of blood vessels, usually benign

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9
Q

Lice

pediculosis

A

feed off of blood

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10
Q

Pressure injuries

A

prolonged pressure on a bony prominence

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11
Q

Stage I

A

erythema, non blanchable, skin is still intact

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12
Q

Stage II

A

skin is not intact, broken through the epidermal layer

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13
Q

Stage III

A

gone through the subcutaneous tissue, possibly see bone/muscle

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14
Q

Stage IV

Pressure Ulcer

A

extensive destruction, all the way through, necrosis

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15
Q

Tinea

A

Ringworm: circular erythematous itchy rash

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16
Q

Strep and staph

A

skin infections

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17
Q

Shingles

A

rash of the sensory nerves in a dermatomal pattern, carrying the chicken pox virus, erythematous, vesicular-fluid filled lesions

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18
Q

Where is SKIN cancer normally found on the body?

A

“arms”

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19
Q

ABCDE

A 
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Evolving
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20
Q

Mongolian spot

A

flat bluish gray patch on the lower back, benign, darker color

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21
Q

Albinism

A

lacking melanin, hair, eyes, skin, all lighter, optic nerve impairment

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22
Q

Molluscum contagiosum

A

poxvirus infection, small, pink, cone shaped palpules, contagious through direct contact.

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23
Q

Furuncle

A

boil: can begin in the hair follicles, firm painful nodule, exudate

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24
Q

Rosacea

A

chronic inflammatory condition that usually affects the face. Erythema and spiderlike blood vessels.

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25
Q

Gout

A

Too much uric acid in the joint space. Pain, erythema, swelling, warmth. Excessive intake of purines.

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26
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

progressive muscle loss, leads to weakness. Cardiomyopathy, muscle spasms.

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27
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

wear and tear, degenerative joint disease, progress loss of joint function due to repetitive use. Erythema, joint stiffness, loss cartilage, increased pain with weight bearing activity.

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28
Q

Osteoporosis

A

calcium deficiency: progressive loss leaves bone brittle: imbalance bone resorption and bone formation: brittle: pathologic fractures

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29
Q

Psoriasis can lead

A

psoriatic arthritis

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30
Q

Lordosis

A

exaggerated concave curvature of the lumbar spine.

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31
Q

Kyphosis

A

Curvature of the thoracic spine outward, hunch back, hump

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32
Q

Scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the spine: pulmonary compromise

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33
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

s/p trauma, increased pressure in an internal compartment placing pressure on the nerves and vessels, leading the pain distal the extremity as well as numbness, tingling and lack of pulses

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34
Q

5Ps of compartment syndrome

A 
Pain
Pallor
Parasthesia
Paralysis
Pulselessness
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35
Q

3 complications from compartment syndrome

A

Osteomyelitis: infections of the bone tissue
Osteonecrosis: death of bone tissue due to loss of blood supply
Fat embolism: piece of fat in the blood vessel that breaks off, can go to the heart, lungs or brain. Shortness of breath, confusion, chest pain, petechiae (pinpoint red lesions of chest) on head and chest

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36
Q

Muscle Atrophy

happens to who

A

muscle loss: elderly, bedrest, cast, paraplegic

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37
Q

Osteomalacia/Rickets

A

adults/kids: lack of vitamin D, bowlegged appearance

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38
Q

Dislocation

A

joint is forced out of a normal position.

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39
Q

Hip dysplasia

A

normally of the children, relaxation of ligaments around the hip joint

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40
Q

Why someone might need an amputation?

A

Osteomyelitis, gangrene, diabetes

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41
Q

Sprain

A

ligament

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42
Q

Strain

A

Tendon or muscle

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43
Q

Herniated disc

A

pressure on the spinal, disc are protruding into the spinal canal, weakness of the skeletal muscles causing impaired nerve supply

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44
Q

Stress fracture

A

repeated or excessive activity on the bone

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45
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

weakness of the bone due to an underlying disease

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46
Q

Oblique fracture

A

angle of the bone shaft

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47
Q

Transverse fracture

A

across the bone shaft

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48
Q

Compression fracture

A

crushed or collapse into small pieces

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49
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune inflammatory disorder, inflammation of the synovial joint, fever, joint pain, joint swelling, erythema

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50
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

diffuse pain that is poorly understood

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51
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

brittle bone disorder, inherited, fractures least of trauma.

glass house

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52
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

bone cancer, very malignant, usually in children

53
Q

Pagets disease

A

progressive metabolic condition, overactive osteoclast, replacement of bone with weaker bones and fibrous tissue, bones look in enlarged and malformed, bones are weaker, pathologic

54
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

diffuse and calcify, think stiffness, can happen anywhere, usually in the spine.

55
Q

Scleroderma

A

hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues.

56
Q

Passive immunity

A

Acquired from mother, passing through breast milk.

57
Q

Active Immunity

A

Exposed to the virus, or receiving the vaccine.

58
Q

Histamine

A

released when exposed to an allergen. Potent vasodilator.

59
Q

Macrophages

A

engulf foreign substances, phagocytosis

60
Q

T Cells

A

Killer and helper: go directly to the virus and kill it.

61
Q

B Cells

A

release antibodies, memory cells

62
Q

Basophils

A

Severe allergic reactions

63
Q

Eosinophil

A

parasitic infections, allergens, such outside allergies

64
Q

Lymphocytes

A

viral infections, specialized adaptive cells

65
Q

Neutrophils

A

bacteria, fungal infections

66
Q

Edema/swelling

A
  • Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • Increased capillary permeability
  • Venous obstruction
  • Increase plasma volume secondary to sodium and water retention
67
Q

IgA

A

found in the lining of resp. tract, digestive system, tears, saliva, breast mild

68
Q

IgD

A

found in blood, poorly understood

69
Q

IgM

A

found in blood and fluid

70
Q

IgG

A

most common, found in blood and body fluids, fighting against bacterial and viral infections

71
Q

IgE

A

found in blood, allergens.

72
Q

Localized inflammation

A

in one area, redness, swelling, increased warmth, pain

73
Q

Systemic inflammation

A

fever, chills, malaise, hypotension, tachycardia,

74
Q

Interferons

A

They are our protein friends. Stop viruses from replicating.

75
Q

First barrier

A

skin and mucous membranes

76
Q

Lupus

A

autoimmune disorder, butterfly rash (malar) achy joints, fever, malaise, weight loss

77
Q

RA

A

autoimmune disorder, inflammation synovial sac/membrane, swelling, fever malaise

78
Q

Opportunistic infections

A

autoimmune diseases, HIV, cancer, immunocompromised, emaciated, failure to thrive

79
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Type I: immediate, severe allergic reaction, increased basophils, IgE, peanut allergy

Type II: immediate, cytoxic, IgG, IgM, hemolytic anemia of the newborn, RH negative mom producing antibodies to future pregnancies

Type III: immune complex mediated, delayed, local, systemic, serum sickness

Type IV : delayed hypersensitivy, Mantoux test

80
Q

ESR

A

Inflammation

81
Q

Chronic stress can lead to

A

Hypertension
Depression
Hyperglycemia

82
Q

HIV

Whats cells are destroyed?

A

CD4 T-helper cells they are destroyed

83
Q

Cachexia

A

weight loss, emaciated

84
Q

metastasis

A

Cancer cells can invade other cells

85
Q

Steps of carcinogenesis

A

Initiation: production
Promotion: uncontrolled growth
Progression : moves to other cells, malignant

86
Q

Anaplastic cells

A

Divide rapidly, loose differentiation

87
Q

mammogram

A

Breast cancer

88
Q

What should you be screened for at

50 years old?

A

Colon cancer

89
Q

Neoplasia

A

New abnormal cell

90
Q

Low blood pressure or low volumes…kidneys produce what?

A

Renin

Hypertension, tachycardia, vasoactive constriction, increased peripheral vascular resistance

91
Q

Organelle

A

Eukyotic Cell

92
Q

What is produced in the

Mitochondria?

A

powerhouse, produces/ATP

93
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

ribosomes that synthesis/produce proteins.

94
Q

Homeostasis

What effects homeostasis?

A
  • maintain equilibrium

- Infection, illness, temperature, fever

95
Q

Atrophy

A

low functionality of muscle, decrease cell size

96
Q

Hypertrophy

A

low functionality, increased cell size

97
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase proliferation of tissues

98
Q

Ischemia

A

Not getting enough oxygen

99
Q

Contraindication
Sign
Symptom
Objective data

A

not giving a product/medicine/procedure that could cause harm

  • what the patient states
  • high blood pressure, excessive bleeding, redness
  • vital signs
100
Q

What are some causes of edema?

A
  • increased total extracellular fluid
  • high local venous pressure
  • lymphatic obstruction
  • increased capillary permeability
  • low plasma oncotic pressure/serum albumin
101
Q

Trousseau sign?

A

Hypocalcemia, placed blood pressure cuff on the upper arm and you will have hand flexion.

102
Q

Chvosteks sign?

A

Hypocalcemia, tap on the face and muscle twitching of the face.

103
Q

Dehydration?

A

Thirst

104
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration

105
Q

Excess fluid

A

Edema, hypertension, tachycardia, bounding pulses, crackles

106
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Sodium and chloride

107
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Potassium and magnesium

108
Q

Fluid excretion

A

Sweating and urination

109
Q

Hyponatremia/brain why is this a medical emergency

A

Make free water into the cells of the brain, then swelling places pressure on the brain, leading brain ischemia

110
Q

Bones/teeth

A

calcium

111
Q

Potassium

A

3.5-5/EKG/dysrhythmias

112
Q

Sodium

A

135-145

113
Q

Calcium

A

8-10.8

114
Q

Chloride

A

98-108

115
Q

Gastroenteritis

Symptoms-

A

Gastro-stomach
Enter-intestines
Itis-inflammation

Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, stomach pain
Loosing acid, metabolic alkalosis

116
Q

Active transport

A

low to high with the use of concentration gradient with the help of ATP

117
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

higher solutes shifting in

118
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

lower solutes shifting out

119
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Equal

120
Q

Highest daily loss of fluids

A

urination

121
Q

Hypoxemia

A

a below-normal level of oxygen in your blood, specifically in the arteries. Hypoxemia is a sign of a problem related to breathing or circulation, and may result in various symptoms, such as shortness of breath

122
Q

pH

A

7.35-7.45

123
Q

PaCO2

A

35-45

124
Q

HCO3 or bicarb

A

22-26

125
Q

pH: 7.57 alkalotic
PaCO2: 36 normal
HCO3 Bicarb: 30 high
PaO2: 78% low

A

Answer: metabolic alkalosis with hypoxemia

126
Q

pH: 7.14 acidotic
PaCO2: 42 normal
HCO3 Bicarb: 16 low
PaO2: 72% low

A

Answer: metabolic acidosis with hypoxemia

127
Q

pH :7.50 alkalotic
PaCO2: 47 high
HCO3 Bicarb: 32 high
PaO2: 84% normal

A

Answer: metabolic alkalosis partially compensated

128
Q

pH : 7.30 acidotic
PaCO2: 50 high
HCO3 Bicarb: 28 high
PaO2: 79% low

A

Answer: Respiratory acidosis with hypoxemia

intro to nursing (4 decks)

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