Patho Exam 3

Question 1

Erythropoiesis

Answer 1

Process by which RBCs are produced
Controlled by alterations in conc. of hemoglobin
In response to reduced O2, kidneys release erythropoietin
Life span RBC: 120 days

Reticulocyte: immature RBC 24-48 hrs

Question 2

Relative Anemia

Answer 2

Normal red count, greater plasma volume
Preggers, athletes
Post-flight asstronauts

Question 3

Absolute Anemia

Answer 3

Actual decrease in # of red cells

Decreased production or INCREASED destruction

Question 4

Nasopharynx

Answer 4

Connects middle ear through Eustachian tubes give atmosphere pressure.

Question 5

Oropharynx

Answer 5

Posterior to the oral cavity

Question 6

Epiglottis

Answer 6

Blocks opening to trachea to allow food to pass

Question 7

Laryngopharynx

Answer 7

Produces sound, transports air, warms, moistens and filters

Question 8

Mechanics of Breathing

Answer 8

Airway resistance- Relationship between pressure and flow. Resistance increases as passages narrow. Mucous, smooth muscle contract., foreign body.

Lung compliance- Ability to inflate. Children have increased compl. due to flexibility.

Opposing lung forces- Chest wall/Lung expandability

Question 9

Hypoxemia

Answer 9

Deficient blood oxygen

Question 10

Hypoxia

Answer 10

Decrease in tissue oxygenation

Question 11

Acute Respiratory Failure

Answer 11

State of disturbed gas exchange resulting in abnormal arterial blood gases.

Neuromuscular alterations (quadraplegia, hemiplegia); chest trauma; emphysema; ARDS

Manifestations: Hypoxia, hypercapnia, confusion, decreased LOC, restlessness, dizzy, hypotension, tachycardia

Question 12

Epiglottitis

Answer 12

Swelling and infection of epiglottis
Chemical exposure, trauma to neck
Requires immediate hospitalization, possible tracheotomy.

Question 13

Bronchiolitis

Answer 13

Inflammation of bronchioles
Bronchiolar obstruction, incr. mucus prod.
Elevated WBC’s, fever

Question 14

Croup

Answer 14

Infection of larynx, trachea, large bronchi
Most common acute upper resp in children.
Swelling, secretions, spasms, obstruction

Question 15

RSV

Answer 15

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Bad cold, similar symptoms.
Common and contagious, most kids have it once by age 2

Question 16

Stable Angina

Answer 16

Most common
Controlled by rest, excercise or emo induced
Predictable pattern

Question 17

Unstable Angina

Answer 17

Greater intensity, unpredictable

Not easily relieved, can progress to MI

Question 18

Variant Angina

Answer 18

Pt may have atherosclerosis, Raynaud’s disease
Responds to CCB’s and associated with vasospasms.
Indicated by ST elevation

Question 19

Angina Mgmt

Answer 19

Aspirin, nitrates (short/long term)
PCI: percutaneous intervention
Stent, balloon
Antherectomy: shaving off plaque
Laser angioplasty

Question 20

Intrarenal

Answer 20

Damage to kidney itself
Blood transfusions
Ischemia

Question 21

Prerenal

Answer 21

Loss of blood flow to kidney, nothing wrong with kidney itself
Dehydration
Burns

Question 22

Postrenal

Answer 22

Below kidneys
Blockage in urinary tract
Kidney stones
Enlarged prostate

Question 23

Creatinine : BUN

Answer 23

1 : 10

20 : 200