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Patho Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Reliability

A

The ability of a test to give the same result in repeated measurements.

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2
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which a measure reflects the true value it is intended to measure

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3
Q

Predictive Value

A

The extent to which the test can differentiate between the presence or absence of a condition

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4
Q

Primary Prevention

A

The prevention of disease by altering susceptibility

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5
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

Early detection, screening, and mgmt of the disease

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6
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

Rehab, supportive care, restoration

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7
Q

Absorption

A

the use of nutrients and other substances

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8
Q

Secretion

A

secretion of substance such as mucous gland cells

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9
Q

Excretion

A

getting rid of waste products/ enzymes that break down large molecules

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10
Q

Respiration

A

cells absorb oxygen which transforms nutrients into energy (ATP)

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11
Q

Substances in Cellular Communication

A
  1. PROTEIN channels coordinate with adjacent cells
  2. Plasma membrane signalling RECEPTORS affect the cell itself and those in direct physical contact
  3. Secretion of CHEMICAL (most common)
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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest membrane bound organelle. comp. of RNA, DNA, DNA binding proteins. Functions:

  1. Cell division
  2. Control of genetic info
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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Aqueous solution that contains enzymes involved in metabolism and protein genesis.

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14
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough ER: studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes

Smooth ER: Cell metabolism: Lipids, phospholipids and steroids.

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Supply most of cell’s ATP

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16
Q

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, ATP Cycle

A

When chemical energy is created. Example:
whenglucoseisbrokendowninthepresence
ofoxygenintoCO2,energyisreleased.
FunctionofATPistostoreandtransferenergy
fromonemoleculetoanother

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17
Q

Types of Tissue

A

4 of ‘em:

  1. Muscle
  2. Neural
  3. Epithelial
  4. Connective
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18
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers most internal and external surfaces of the body. Att. basement membrane which is separated from connective tissue. e.g. epidermis, cilia & microvilli

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19
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Framework on which epithelial cells cluster to form organs. Abundant matrix surrounds a few cells. Classified by consistency

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20
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Long, thin fibers (myocytes).

3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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21
Q

Neural Tissue

A

Highly specialized neurons.
Synapses: points of functional contact between neurons
Neurotransmitters: chemical messenger from neuron to neur. or neur. to muscle cell.

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22
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease or shrinking of cell size; common in heart, secondary sex organs; can be pathologic

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23
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of cells and affected organ

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24
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells resulting from increased rate of cell division

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25
Metaplasia
Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another
26
Dysplasia
Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells
27
Hypoxia
Decreased oxygen in the air, loss of hg, decreased production RBCs, diseases of Resp/CV systems
28
Ischemia
Reduced blood supply
29
Anoxia
Total lack of oxygen. e.g. Obstruction in coronary artery disease
30
Contusion
Bruise
31
Abrasion
Superficial wound of the skin, no deeper than the epidermis
32
Laceration
Wound that is produced by the tearing of soft body tissue. Often irregular and jagged. Sometimes contaminated w/ bacteria.
33
Puncture
Not an excessive bleeder. Can appear to close up. Prone to infection.
34
Chemical Asphyxiation
CO most common cause, prevents delivery of oxygen to tissues. e.g. cyanide blocks ICF utilization of O2.
35
Dry Lung Drowning
Vagal nerve bronchospasms due to lack of oxygen and hypoxemia
36
Nutritional Injuries
Hyperglycemia (complications of DM), Hyperlipidemia (CAD complications), and vitamin deficiencies. Obesity, diabetes
37
The Bends
Sudden change of pressure causes CO2 and nitrogen to come out of solution and form gas emboli. Gases dissolve too quickly and emboli form, resulting in cellular hypoxia.
38
Necrosis
Process of cellular dissolution and is the sum of cell changes after local cell death
39
Apoptosis
Cell self-destruction, "programmed cell death". Normal but can be pathological, as well. Causes shrinkage of the cell and fragmenting of cell membrane. Involves enzymes that kill proteins.
40
Somatic Death
Death of person. Postmortem change, algor mortis, livor mortis, rigor mortis, and postmortem autolysis.
41
Postmortem Change
Cessation of breath, pulse, skin pallor, temp falls, pupils dilate, blood settles in lowest tissues
42
Algor Mortis
Reduction of body temperature
43
Livor Mortis
Purple discoloration due to blood settling, skin loses elasticity and transparency
44
Rigor Mortis
Muscle stiffening within 6 hours due to breakdown of carbs and depletion of ATP.
45
Postmortem Autolysis
Putrefactive changes (24-48 hrs) d/t release of enzymes. Rigor diminishes and body flaccid 12-14 hrs. Greenish skin, bloating, opening of cavities
46
Stressor
Agent responsible for producing stress
47
Eustressor
Agent responsible for positive events that stimulate towards growth
48
Sympathetic Response
Fight or flight
49
Parasympathetic Response
Vagus nerves-->thoracic, abdominal, heart-->slow down heart; stimulate GI "Cholinergic"
50
Alarm Stage
Cerebrum-->Hypothalamus-->Adrenal Cortex | Increased cortisol production.
51
Cortisol & GH Stress Response
Cortisol increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, suppresses immune system and metabolizes fats, proteins and carbs
52
Adrenal Medulla Secreted Substances
Epi/norepinephrine, catecholamines
53
Antigen
Chemical substance that reacts with components of immune response
54
Antibody/Immunoglobulin
Produced by plasma cells as challenge from antigen
55
Myeloid Stem Cell Produces
Granulocytes Neutrophils: Mast Cells, Basophils, Eosinophils Monocytes: Macrophages Produced in bone marrow
56
Lymphoid Stem Cell Produces
T-Lymphocytes: Helper/T4, Natural Killer, Cytotoxic T Cells B-Lymphocytes: Plasma Cells, Memory Cells Produced in Lymphoid Tissue: Thymus, Spleen
57
Granulocytes
Largest # of WBC's Ingest/Break up Microorgs Release Chems of Inflammatory Response
58
Neutrophils
Nonspecific Immune Response
59
Eosinophils
Responsible for Allergic Reactions
60
Nonspecific Immune Response
``` Immediate "Inflammation" Vasodilation Increased Vascular Permeability Classic 4 signs: Red, swell, pain, warm ```
61
Specific Immune Response
Local response not enough Lymph system stimulated WBCs, T & B cells
62
3 Phases of Wound Healing
``` INFLAMMATION: 4-6 days Blood supply, leukocytes increased Fibrin holds wound together Scab forms PROLIFERATIVE: 3-4 days to 2 Weeks Fibroblasts Highly vascular Stronger wound area MATURATION: 2-3 weeks to 2 years "looks" healed ```
63
Innate Immunity
Not immune system, just there. | Specific to species
64
Active Acquired Immunity
Produced by host after exposure to antigen or immunization
65
Passive Acquired Immunity
Preformed antibodies or T Cell Lymphocytes transferred to recipient
66
Primary Immune Response
Antigen introduced and body responds with circulating IgM antibodies. Detected about 5 days
67
Secondary Immune Response
With continued exposure, IgG antibody released in high amounts to neutralize virus
68
Humoral Response
Lymphocytes Migrate through lymphoid tissue and become B cells
69
Cell-Mediated Response
Lymphocytes migrate through Thymus and become T cells. Antibodies formed and known as "cluster of differentiation" (CD markers). Amount of response is quantified
70
Dehiscence
Partial or complete separation of wound edges
71
Evisceration
Viscera protrudes thru open wound
72
Two Main Types of Viruses
DNA & RNA
73
Role of the Spleen
Immunologic filter of the blood. Contains B, T, macro, dendrit, natty killer and RBCs. Where B activate and produce large amounts of antibodies
74
Cortisol: Stress Response
Activated from pituitary-adrenal axis, promoting survival. Hypothalamic secretion of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)
75
Prolactin: Stress Response
Increases in response to stress, may affect immune system
76
Growth Hormone: Stress Response
Increases, insulin-antagonistic. Enhances metabolic activity.
77
Oxytocin: Stress Response
Prod. in hypothalamus, released into blood via pituitary. Promotes 'tend and befriend'
78
Endorphins: Stress Response
Defensive response to stress, mediate adrenaline and glucagon release.
79
Musculoskeletal Response to Stress
Increased muscle tension part of "fight or flight" sympathetic response, sore back and neck.
80
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Response
Primary: Lag phase, B cells differentiating into plasma cells. Antibody rel. low. Mainly IgM Secondary: Reduced lag phase due to B memory cells. Antibodies high, remain longer. Mainly IgG
81
Hydropic Swelling
Intracellular edema of keratinocytes, often seen with viral infections
82
Lactic Acidosis
Indicative of hypoxia. Cells recieve too little O2, metabolize glucose anaerobically leading to lactate formation.
83
Free Radical Theory
Closely associated with oxidative damage, single unpaired electron in outer shell. Reducing damage may extend lifespan. Aging is buildup of damage from free radicals.
84
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Cells internalize molecules by inward budding of plasma membrane
85
Specificity
Measures the proportion of negatives that are correctly identified as such. eg number of healthy people id'd as not having a condition
86
Glycolysis
Converts glucose to pyruvate, early stage of cellular metabolism
87
Sodium/potassium Pump
Pumps potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell.
88
Reconstructive Phase
Connective tissue gels/proliferation, develop capillary beds from existing vessels. Epithilialzation requires survival of basement membrane and stem cells.

Patho (3 decks)

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