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Patho > Patho Exam 1 > Flashcards

Patho Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Reliability

A

The ability of a test to give the same result in repeated measurements.

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2
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which a measure reflects the true value it is intended to measure

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3
Q

Predictive Value

A

The extent to which the test can differentiate between the presence or absence of a condition

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4
Q

Primary Prevention

A

The prevention of disease by altering susceptibility

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5
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

Early detection, screening, and mgmt of the disease

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6
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

Rehab, supportive care, restoration

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7
Q

Absorption

A

the use of nutrients and other substances

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8
Q

Secretion

A

secretion of substance such as mucous gland cells

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9
Q

Excretion

A

getting rid of waste products/ enzymes that break down large molecules

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10
Q

Respiration

A

cells absorb oxygen which transforms nutrients into energy (ATP)

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11
Q

Substances in Cellular Communication

A
  1. PROTEIN channels coordinate with adjacent cells
  2. Plasma membrane signalling RECEPTORS affect the cell itself and those in direct physical contact
  3. Secretion of CHEMICAL (most common)
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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest membrane bound organelle. comp. of RNA, DNA, DNA binding proteins. Functions:

  1. Cell division
  2. Control of genetic info
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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Aqueous solution that contains enzymes involved in metabolism and protein genesis.

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14
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough ER: studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes

Smooth ER: Cell metabolism: Lipids, phospholipids and steroids.

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Supply most of cell’s ATP

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16
Q

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, ATP Cycle

A

When chemical energy is created. Example:
whenglucoseisbrokendowninthepresence
ofoxygenintoCO2,energyisreleased.
FunctionofATPistostoreandtransferenergy
fromonemoleculetoanother

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17
Q

Types of Tissue

A

4 of ‘em:

  1. Muscle
  2. Neural
  3. Epithelial
  4. Connective
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18
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers most internal and external surfaces of the body. Att. basement membrane which is separated from connective tissue. e.g. epidermis, cilia & microvilli

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19
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Framework on which epithelial cells cluster to form organs. Abundant matrix surrounds a few cells. Classified by consistency

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20
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Long, thin fibers (myocytes).

3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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21
Q

Neural Tissue

A

Highly specialized neurons.
Synapses: points of functional contact between neurons
Neurotransmitters: chemical messenger from neuron to neur. or neur. to muscle cell.

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22
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease or shrinking of cell size; common in heart, secondary sex organs; can be pathologic

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23
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of cells and affected organ

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24
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells resulting from increased rate of cell division

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25
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another

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26
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells

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27
Q

Hypoxia

A

Decreased oxygen in the air, loss of hg, decreased production RBCs, diseases of Resp/CV systems

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28
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduced blood supply

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29
Q

Anoxia

A

Total lack of oxygen. e.g. Obstruction in coronary artery disease

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30
Q

Contusion

A

Bruise

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31
Q

Abrasion

A

Superficial wound of the skin, no deeper than the epidermis

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32
Q

Laceration

A

Wound that is produced by the tearing of soft body tissue. Often irregular and jagged. Sometimes contaminated w/ bacteria.

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33
Q

Puncture

A

Not an excessive bleeder. Can appear to close up. Prone to infection.

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34
Q

Chemical Asphyxiation

A

CO most common cause, prevents delivery of oxygen to tissues. e.g. cyanide blocks ICF utilization of O2.

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35
Q

Dry Lung Drowning

A

Vagal nerve bronchospasms due to lack of oxygen and hypoxemia

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36
Q

Nutritional Injuries

A

Hyperglycemia (complications of DM), Hyperlipidemia (CAD complications), and vitamin deficiencies. Obesity, diabetes

37
Q

The Bends

A

Sudden change of pressure causes CO2 and nitrogen to come out of solution and form gas emboli. Gases dissolve too quickly and emboli form, resulting in cellular hypoxia.

38
Q

Necrosis

A

Process of cellular dissolution and is the sum of cell changes after local cell death

39
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell self-destruction, “programmed cell death”. Normal but can be pathological, as well.
Causes shrinkage of the cell and fragmenting of cell membrane. Involves enzymes that kill proteins.

40
Q

Somatic Death

A

Death of person. Postmortem change, algor mortis, livor mortis, rigor mortis, and postmortem autolysis.

41
Q

Postmortem Change

A

Cessation of breath, pulse, skin pallor, temp falls, pupils dilate, blood settles in lowest tissues

42
Q

Algor Mortis

A

Reduction of body temperature

43
Q

Livor Mortis

A

Purple discoloration due to blood settling, skin loses elasticity and transparency

44
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

Muscle stiffening within 6 hours due to breakdown of carbs and depletion of ATP.

45
Q

Postmortem Autolysis

A

Putrefactive changes (24-48 hrs) d/t release of enzymes. Rigor diminishes and body flaccid 12-14 hrs. Greenish skin, bloating, opening of cavities

46
Q

Stressor

A

Agent responsible for producing stress

47
Q

Eustressor

A

Agent responsible for positive events that stimulate towards growth

48
Q

Sympathetic Response

A

Fight or flight

49
Q

Parasympathetic Response

A

Vagus nerves–>thoracic, abdominal, heart–>slow down heart; stimulate GI
“Cholinergic”

50
Q

Alarm Stage

A

Cerebrum–>Hypothalamus–>Adrenal Cortex

Increased cortisol production.

51
Q

Cortisol & GH Stress Response

A

Cortisol increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, suppresses immune system and metabolizes fats, proteins and carbs

52
Q

Adrenal Medulla Secreted Substances

A

Epi/norepinephrine, catecholamines

53
Q

Antigen

A

Chemical substance that reacts with components of immune response

54
Q

Antibody/Immunoglobulin

A

Produced by plasma cells as challenge from antigen

55
Q

Myeloid Stem Cell Produces

A

Granulocytes
Neutrophils: Mast Cells, Basophils, Eosinophils
Monocytes: Macrophages
Produced in bone marrow

56
Q

Lymphoid Stem Cell Produces

A

T-Lymphocytes: Helper/T4, Natural Killer, Cytotoxic T Cells
B-Lymphocytes: Plasma Cells, Memory Cells
Produced in Lymphoid Tissue: Thymus, Spleen

57
Q

Granulocytes

A

Largest # of WBC’s
Ingest/Break up Microorgs
Release Chems of Inflammatory Response

58
Q

Neutrophils

A

Nonspecific Immune Response

59
Q

Eosinophils

A

Responsible for Allergic Reactions

60
Q

Nonspecific Immune Response

A 
Immediate
"Inflammation"
Vasodilation
Increased Vascular Permeability
Classic 4 signs: Red, swell, pain, warm
61
Q

Specific Immune Response

A

Local response not enough
Lymph system stimulated
WBCs, T & B cells

62
Q

3 Phases of Wound Healing

A 
INFLAMMATION:  4-6 days
Blood supply, leukocytes increased
Fibrin holds wound together
Scab forms
PROLIFERATIVE:  3-4 days to 2 Weeks
Fibroblasts
Highly vascular
Stronger wound area
MATURATION:  2-3 weeks to 2 years
"looks" healed
63
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Not immune system, just there.

Specific to species

64
Q

Active Acquired Immunity

A

Produced by host after exposure to antigen or immunization

65
Q

Passive Acquired Immunity

A

Preformed antibodies or T Cell Lymphocytes transferred to recipient

66
Q

Primary Immune Response

A

Antigen introduced and body responds with circulating IgM antibodies. Detected about 5 days

67
Q

Secondary Immune Response

A

With continued exposure, IgG antibody released in high amounts to neutralize virus

68
Q

Humoral Response

A

Lymphocytes Migrate through lymphoid tissue and become B cells

69
Q

Cell-Mediated Response

A

Lymphocytes migrate through Thymus and become T cells. Antibodies formed and known as “cluster of differentiation” (CD markers). Amount of response is quantified

70
Q

Dehiscence

A

Partial or complete separation of wound edges

71
Q

Evisceration

A

Viscera protrudes thru open wound

72
Q

Two Main Types of Viruses

A

DNA & RNA

73
Q

Role of the Spleen

A

Immunologic filter of the blood. Contains B, T, macro, dendrit, natty killer and RBCs. Where B activate and produce large amounts of antibodies

74
Q

Cortisol: Stress Response

A

Activated from pituitary-adrenal axis, promoting survival. Hypothalamic secretion of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)

75
Q

Prolactin: Stress Response

A

Increases in response to stress, may affect immune system

76
Q

Growth Hormone: Stress Response

A

Increases, insulin-antagonistic. Enhances metabolic activity.

77
Q

Oxytocin: Stress Response

A

Prod. in hypothalamus, released into blood via pituitary. Promotes ‘tend and befriend’

78
Q

Endorphins: Stress Response

A

Defensive response to stress, mediate adrenaline and glucagon release.

79
Q

Musculoskeletal Response to Stress

A

Increased muscle tension part of “fight or flight” sympathetic response, sore back and neck.

80
Q

Primary vs. Secondary Immune Response

A

Primary: Lag phase, B cells differentiating into plasma cells. Antibody rel. low. Mainly IgM
Secondary: Reduced lag phase due to B memory cells. Antibodies high, remain longer. Mainly IgG

81
Q

Hydropic Swelling

A

Intracellular edema of keratinocytes, often seen with viral infections

82
Q

Lactic Acidosis

A

Indicative of hypoxia. Cells recieve too little O2, metabolize glucose anaerobically leading to lactate formation.

83
Q

Free Radical Theory

A

Closely associated with oxidative damage, single unpaired electron in outer shell. Reducing damage may extend lifespan. Aging is buildup of damage from free radicals.

84
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Cells internalize molecules by inward budding of plasma membrane

85
Q

Specificity

A

Measures the proportion of negatives that are correctly identified as such. eg number of healthy people id’d as not having a condition

86
Q

Glycolysis

A

Converts glucose to pyruvate, early stage of cellular metabolism

87
Q

Sodium/potassium Pump

A

Pumps potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell.

88
Q

Reconstructive Phase

A

Connective tissue gels/proliferation, develop capillary beds from existing vessels. Epithilialzation requires survival of basement membrane and stem cells.

Patho (3 decks)

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