Patho Exam 3

Question 1

Platelet count
(Normal findings)

Answer 1

150,000-400,000 cells/mm

Question 2

Thrombocytopenia count

Answer 2

<100,000 cells/mm

Question 3

Thrombocytosis

Answer 3

> 400,000 cell/mm

Question 4

Critical value of platelets

Answer 4

<20,000 cell/mm

Spontaneous bleeding without trauma can occur
Can be fatal if <10,000
Or
>1 million

Question 5

Liver disease

Answer 5

Synthesis coagulations factors and with disease like cirrhosis , bleeding may occur

Question 6

Liver location

Answer 6

RUQ, beneath diaphragm - and covered by thick connective calluses containing nerves , lymph and blood vessels

Question 7

Distended liver causes..what?

Answer 7

RUQ pain from dissension of the capsule associated with liver disease, allows lymphatic leakage into the peritoneal space leading to ascities

Question 8

What are the duel blood supply to the liver ?

Answer 8

Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

Question 9

Hepatic artery vs hepatic portal vein

Answer 9

Hepatic artery provides liver with oxygenated blood (400-500ml/min)5-7% CO

Hepatic portal vein receives nutrient rich deoxygenated blood from the GI tract (~1000-1500 ml/min) for processing

Question 10

Hepatocytes

Answer 10

Functional cells capable of regeneration ; excrete metabolic substances into the small canaliculi channels , conducting bile tot eh hepatic duct into the small intestine

Question 11

Liver sinusoids

Answer 11

Lined with highly permeable endothelium allowing for transport of nutrients to the hepatocytes for biotransformation

Question 12

Kupffer cells

Answer 12

Line sinusoids , responsible for phagocytosis, healing, bilirubin, and lipid metabolism

Question 13

Stellate cells

Answer 13

Contain vit A, remove foreign substances , trap bacteria

Question 14

Livers Job

Answer 14

Secretes bile for fat digestion in small and recirculated through enteropathic circulation

• metabolizes bilirubin
• synthesize clotting factors ( bile helps vit k absorption) which is a fat soluble vitamin
  Liver disease results in malabsorption of vit K

Question 15

Clot retraction

Answer 15

Clot forms at endothelial injury site - shrinks- shrinking allows edges of vessel to approximate, heal and repair

Question 16

Clot dissolution

Answer 16

Breakdown through fibrinolysis
- plastmin degrades fibrin and fibrinogen and raises D- dimer fragments

Question 17

Synthesis of platelets

Answer 17

Throbopoesis( in bone marrow)
Thrombopoetin = produced in liver

Question 18

Low platelets ?

Answer 18

TPO> TPO receptors so TpO enters bone marrow to stimulate thrombopoesis

Question 19

Folic acid anemia causes and risks

Answer 19

Low intake diet( leafy greens, peas, fortified cereals) alcoholism , hemolytic anemia , dz that prevent folate absorption
folic acid is crucial for brain functioning

• macrocytic and normochromic

Question 20

Folic acid anemia PATHO

Answer 20

Folic acid/folate breaks down homocysteine ( amino acid) into usually AA components

Low folic acid= high homocysteine =endothelial damage - leads to manifestations

Folic acid =synthetic form
Folate= b9 found in foods both are water soluble

Absorbed in duodenum and jejunum

Question 21

Folic acid anemia Clinal Manifestaions

Answer 21

-Cheilosis ( inflamed , cracked , crusty corners of mouth)
- stomatitis ( inflamed oral mucosa )
-beefy red soar tongue
-Dysphagia ( difficulty swallowing)
Flatulence watery diarrhea

Question 22

Vit B12 deficient anemia aka
Pernicious anemia