Patho Exam 1 Flashcards
Largest membrane bound organelle
Nucleus
Nucleus function
cell division and control of genetic information
What does the nucleus contains that is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity.
Nucleolus
What is the RNA function
direct cellular activity
Where does RNA processing occur
The Nucleus
Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the
Nucleus
During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
S phase
What does DNA contain?
Genetic information
What are the major chemical components of the cell membranes?
Lipids and proteins
RNA protein complexes synthesized in the nucleus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nucleus envelope
Ribosome
What is the Ribosome function?
provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
Which organelle produce a “recognition sequence” or signal like an address on a letter ?
newly produced Ribosome
What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where does Oxidative phosphorylation occurs ?
Mitochondria
What cell component originates from the Golgi complex, provides energy to digest proteins into amino acids, functions as the intracellular digestive system, and are capable of digesting most cellular constituents down to their basic forms, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars.
Lysosomes
Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?
Lysosome
The cellular uptake of the nutrient cholesterol depends on which process?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane?
Lipid bilayer
Passive transport is best described with which statement?
Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion
Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with other cells in direct physical contact?
Protein channel (gap junction)
What is the primary function of proteins? (4)
Proteins are binding units.
Proteins are transport channels.
Proteins provide cell surface markers.
Proteins are chemical reaction catalysts.
What are glycoproteins?
membrane bound proteins that are cell surface markers
Passive transport is dependent on what 4 things ?
semipermeable membrane
osmosis
hydrostatic pressure
diffusion
Active transport occurs across which type of membranes? (what does it require?)
Membranes that have receptors that are capable of binding with the substances to be transported
The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process?
Passive-mediated transport (facilitated dissuison)
Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell?
Glycoloysis
A patient who has diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?
shrink
When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes, what type of alteration occurs?
Isotonic
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
Osmosis
In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
Hydrostatic pressure
The role of cytokines in cell reproduction is that they:
Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development.
Potassium and sodium are transported across plasma membranes by:
Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme
Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells?
The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?
Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.
In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because:
ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell.
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP levels.
Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing compensatory:
Hyperplasia
What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?
Hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is excised.
Examples of adaptive cellular responses include: (4)
Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia
After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen. This process is an example of hormonal:
Hyperplasia
It is true that nondividing cells are:
Found in gastrointestinal lining
The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called:
Pathological Hyperplasia
Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
Metaplasia
The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of hormonal:
Hyperplasia
Modification in the shape of a specific cell type
Dysplasia
Which organs are affected by lead consumption?
Bones and Nerves
Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of:
Calcium
Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by:
Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infant’s:
Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes, what type of alteration occurs?
Isotonic
Which groups are at risk for fluid imbalance? (3)
Infants, Obese, and older adults
Which statements regarding total body water (TBW) are true? (4)
- durin g childhood, TBW slowly decreases in relationship to body weight
- Men tend to have greater TBW as a result of their muscle mass.
- Estrogen plays a role in female TBW.
- Older adults experience a decrease in TBW as a result of decreased muscle mass.
Which arterial pH will initiate the formation of ammonium (NH4) from ammonia (NH3), referred to as academia, in the tubular lumen of the kidney?
7.25
A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH, 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2), 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
Respiratory Acidosis
During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
Potassium
It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate:
A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.
In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
Hydrostatic pressure
Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
Capillary hydrostatic
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the:
Capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?
Plasma oncotic
The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
Lymphatic obstruction
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of:
Sodium and water retention
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
Osmotic forces
Two thirds of the body’s water is found in its:
Intracellular fluid compartments
Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?
Renin
What mechanism can cause hypernatremia?
Hypersecretion of aldosterone
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
The electrolyte imbalance called hyponatremia exhibits which clinical manifestations? (4)
Headache, Seizures, Confusion, Lethargy
Thirst activates osmoreceptors by an increase in which blood plasma?
Osmotic pressure
Insulin is used to treat hyperkalemia because it:
Transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose.
Causes of hyperkalemia include:
Renal failure and Addison disease
Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?
Hypocalcemia
The electrolyte imbalance hypercalcemia exhibits which clinical manifestations? (3)
- calcium-based kidney stones
- lethargy
- bradycardia
The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is:
Renal failure
Which secretion is a first line of defense against pathogen invasion that involves antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids, as well as lactic acid?
Sebaceous gland sebum
Which cell is the body’s primary defense against parasite invasion?
Eosinophil
Newborns often have deficiencies in collectin-like proteins, making them more susceptible to what type of infection?
Respiratory
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
To prevent infection of the injured tissue
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
Increased capillary permeability
What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?
Vasodilation of blood vessels
What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site?
Coagulation
The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by:
Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
Which manifestation of inflammation is systemic?
Fever and Leukocytosis
The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being affected by:
Endogenous pyrogens (aka fever causing cytokines)
Which chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory response? (2)
Prostaglandins and Bradykinin
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
Complement cascade
Which chemical interacts among all plasma protein systems by degrading blood clots, activating complement, and activating the Hageman factor?
Plasmin
The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to:
Tag of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.
Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?
IFN-a
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
Lysis of bacterial cell membranes
Which chemical mediator derived from mast cells retracts endothelial cells to increase vascular permeability and to cause leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells?
Platelet-activating factor
