Patho - Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Flashcards
what is hypospadias?
-Urethral meatus located on lower (ventral) aspect of the penis.
-Developmental anomaly during embryological development: incomplete fusion of urethral folds.
-Surgical repair.
what is epispadias?
-Urethral meatus located on upper (dorsal) aspect of penis.
-Developmental anomaly during embryological development
what is Priapism? etiology? treatment?
painful, persistent erection d/t engorgement with blood.
Etiology: Idiopathic causes; sickle cell anemia, anticoagulant tx, diabetes, leukemia, use of antidepressants
Tx: Treat underlying cause, aspiration of blood, injection of α-adrenergic agents.
what is phimosis? etiology? pathogenesis?treatment?
foreskin of the penis is too tight to be pulled back over the head of the penis
Etiology: Chronic inflammation & infection from poor hygiene
Patho: Uncircumcised foreskin cannot be retracted over glans of penis. Squamous cell CA may occur.
Tx: Tx infection
what is erectile dysfunction?
-Inability to achieve or maintain erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance
-Primary -Inability to attain an erection throughout life
-Secondary-No longer able to attain erection, but normal in past
secondary etiologies of erectile dysfunction
-PVD: arterial insufficiency, atherosclerosis, stenosis of arteries
-Endocrine: DM, pituitary dysfunction
-Rx´s: antihypertensives, antihistamines, phenothiazines, some antidepressants
-Trauma: penile fractures
-Iatrogenic causes: Vascular surgery, radical pelvic cancer surgery
-Psychological causes
what is cryptorchidism?
undescended testicle
-“Hidden testes”: testes incompletely descended or external to canal.
-May effect spermatogenesis & cause infertility.
-Undescended testicle usually located in inguinal canal.
-↑ Incidence of malignancy if untreated
cryptorchidism etiology
-Idiopathic
-Intrinsic testicular defect
-Hormonal deficiency
-Prematurity
-Low birth weight
-Family hx
what causes Hypogonadism? diagnosis? treatment?
-Cause: primary testicular failure
-Androgen deficiency in aging male
-Causes erectile dysfunction (ED), loss of muscle tone, osteoporosis & lipid changes
Dx: serum testosterone level
Tx: replace testosterone
what is hydrocele? treatment?
-Fluid collection surrounding testicle or spermatic cord.
-Scrotal swelling; varies in size.
-Two types; communicating & non-communicating.
-Develops secondary to injury, radiation, infxn or neoplasm’s.
Tx—surgical drainage
what is spermatocele?
Painless cystic masses containing sperm—may be large and difficult to distinguish from a hydrocele.
Idiopathic
what is testicular torsion?
-Twisting of spermatic cord with compromise of testicular vascular supply with ischemia & infarction.
-Sudden, severe pain & swelling.
-Considered a medical emergency.
what is epididymitis?
Inflammation of epididymis
epididymitis etiology
STD’s (N. gonorrhoeae or C. Trachomatis), trauma or reflux.
-Inflammation of testes from trauma, reflux of sterile urine up vas deferens or secondary to bacterial infection
epididymitis CM
-Enlarged, reddened, tender scrotum
-Pain with radiation into inguinal area
-Elevated WBC and urine positive for organism
-Pain
-Fever
-Urethral discharge
what is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Benign enlargement of prostate gland d/t hyperplasia or hypertrophy
benign prostatic hyperplasia etiology
Idiopathic, aging male endocrine system
benign prostatic hyperplasia pathogenesis
-Result of decreased testosterone & increased estrogen levels.
-Hyperplasia (prostate cells) of glands surrounding the urethra.
-Compression of urethra produces symptoms of bladder obstruction.
benign prostatic hyperplasia CM
-Decrease force of stream
-Hesitancy
-Incomplete bladder emptying
-Infection d/t residual urine
-Nocturia
-Dribbling
-Feeling of full bladder
what is prostatitis?
-Inflammation of prostate.
-4 types: acute & chronic bacterial, nonbacterial, prostatodynia.
prostatitis etiology
E. Coli, Proteus
& Klebsiella.
prostatitis CM
-Frequency, urgency & dysuria
-Rectal exam (DRE): tender, swollen prostate
-Acute: Fever, chills, LBP
-Chronic: Voiding symptoms with pain in perineum, back, suprapubic & occasionally testis
what is prostate cancer?
Slow growing, asymptomatic in early stages.
-3rd leading cause of -CA death in men
Rare in men younger than 50
prostate cancer etiology
unknown
-Contributing factors: genetic, hormonal, dietary, viral
types of prostate cancer
Stage 1: microscopic & intracapsular.
Stage 2: tumor palpable on DRE but confined to prostate.
Stage 3: tumor has extended beyond capsule of the prostate.
Stage 4: Involve adjacent structures
prostate cancer CM
-Enlarged prostate
-Urinary symptoms
-Elevated PSA
-Back pain
-Weight loss
-Fatigue
-May be asymptomatic
prostate cancer treatment
-Watchful waiting
-Radical prostatectomy
-Hormone therapy (to reduce androgens)
-Radiation therapy
-Cryotherapy
-Lymph node removal
-Tx depends on staging & patient’s age
