Patho 4

Question 1

causes of hypoparathyroidism include the following:

Answer 1

Surgical ablation
Congenital absence
Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism

Question 2

Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism Surgical ablation

Answer 2

inadvertent removal of parathyroids during thyroidectomy or other surgical neck dissections.

Question 3

Congenital absence occurs in conjunction with

Answer 3

thymic aplasia (Di George syndrome) and cardiac defects, secondary to deletions on chromosome 22q11.2

Question 4

Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism:

Answer 4

hereditary polyglandular deficiency syndrome arising from autoaAb to multiple endocrine organs →

Question 5

multiple endocrine organs →

Answer 5

parathyroid, thyroid, adrenals, and pancreas

Question 6

Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism:
is caused by mutations in the

Answer 6

autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene

Question 7

Acute cases (as may occur after surgical ablation) manifest as

Answer 7

increased neuromuscular irritability
cardiac arrhythmias, and, on occasion, increased intracranial pressure and seizures

Question 8

increased neuromuscular irritability

Answer 8

tingling, muscle spasms, facial grimacing, sustained carpopedal spasm or tetany),

Question 9

Manifestations of chronic hypoparathyroidism →

Answer 9

cataracts, calcification of the cerebral basal ganglia, and dental abnormalities