Patho

Question 1

myocardium

Answer 1

which is the muscle layer of the heart responsible for pumping blood

Question 2

Genetic Disorders

Answer 2

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC/D),

Question 3

Mixed Disorders

Answer 3

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Primary restrictive cardiomyopathy,

Question 4

Acquired Disorders

Answer 4

Myocarditis, Peripartum cardiomyopathy, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Question 5

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM):

Answer 5

The heart muscle becomes abnormally thick, making it harder for the heart to pump blood.

Question 6

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC/D)

Answer 6

This condition affects the right side of the heart, where muscle tissue is replaced by fat or scar tissue, leading to abnormal heart rhythms

Question 7

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Answer 7

The heart becomes enlarged and weak, so it can’t pump blood effectively

Question 8

Primary restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 8

The heart muscle becomes stiff, making it difficult for the heart to fill with blood properly between beats

Question 9

Myocarditis

Answer 9

Inflammation of the heart muscle, usually due to an infection.

Question 10

Peripartum cardiomyopathy

Answer 10

This occurs in women during pregnancy or shortly after giving birth, where the heart weakens and becomes enlarged.

Question 11

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Answer 11

Also known as “stress-induced cardiomyopathy” or “broken heart syndrome,” this happens when severe emotional or physical stress causes temporary weakening of the heart muscle.

Question 12

aortic valve,

Answer 12

which is the exit point where blood leaves the heart and goes to the rest of the body.

Question 13

Ventricles are too stiff to stretch

Answer 13

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 14

Heart muscle too wake?

Answer 14

Defects in contractile proteins

Question 15

The most common cause of sudden
cardiac death
• Inherited as an autosomal dominant
disorder caused by mutations in the
genes encoding proteins of cardiac
sarcomere

Answer 15

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 16

HCM: Inherited as an autosomal dominant
disorder caused by mutations in the
genes encoding proteins of cardiac
sarcomere

Answer 16

This means that the condition is passed down through families. If one parent has the mutated gene, there’s a 50% chance of passing it to their children. The mutation affects proteins in the cardiac sarcomere, which is the part of the heart muscle responsible for contracting and pumping blood. This causes the heart muscle to not function properly.

Question 17

cardiac sarcomere

Answer 17

which is the part of the heart muscle responsible for contracting and pumping blood.

Question 18

Histological characteristics of HCM

Answer 18

myocyte hypertrophy
- myofibril disarray
- ↑ cardiac fibrosis

Question 19

impaired diastolic filling

Answer 19

The heart struggles to fill with blood properly

Question 20

Reduced ability to pump blood

Answer 20

Systolic dysfunction

Question 21

Shortness of breath

Answer 21

Dyspnea

Question 22

Fainting

Answer 22

Syncope

Question 23

Irregular heart rhythms

Answer 23

Ventricular arrhythmias, Atrial fibrillation

Question 24

Beta blockers

Answer 24

to reduce catecholamine’s, slow
down HR

Question 25

Ca-channel blockers

Answer 25

lowers blood pressure

Question 26

Dual-chamber & biventricular
pacemakers

Answer 26

to allow stimulation of heart
chambers to contract at the proper pace

Question 27

Cardioverter-defibrillator implant

Answer 27

slows down HR & regulates rhythm