patho Flashcards
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
iron deficiency anemia
microcystic (small RBCs); hypochromic (light colored); treat w/ iron supplement; vitamin C to inc. iron absorption
pernicious anemia
caused by low B12 (dec. intake, dec. absorption, dec. intrinsic factor secretion); megaloblastic (very large cells); beefy red tongue; can cause spasticity b/s B12 required for myelin synthesis
folic acid deficiency anemia
megaloblastic anemia caused by low folate levels; fissures on side of mouth
sources of folate
fruit, yeast, eggs, liver, milk, leafy vegetables
sickle cell anemia
genetic mutation of RBCs; can lead to pain crisis or blocked arteries
treatment: pack RBC transfusion, hydroxyurea, hydration, NSAIDs
factors causing sickle cell crisis
cold temps. (vasoconstriction), infection, dehydration (thicker blood)
deep vein thrombosis
clot in vein; stops the return of bloodflow; damage to endothelium - vasoconstriction to limit bloodflow - platelets adhere to damaged wall - platelet plug and coagulation cascade; can turn into a pulmonary emboli
virchow’s triad
risks for DVT; hypercoagulability, venous stasis, vascular damage
type I hypersensitivity
anaphylactic:
- IgE
- lots of histamine
- vasodilation and swelling
- laryngeal edema
- bronchospasm
- shock
type II hypersensitivity
cytotoxic:
- antibodies bind to antigens on host cells
- body fights itself
- ex. blood rejection
type III hypersensitivity
Immune complex:
- antibody binds with antigen to form immune complex
- immune complex diffuses into tissue and causes inflammation
- ex. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, serum sickness
type IV hypersensitivity
cell mediated:
- TH1 cells stimulate macrophage activity
- macrophages cause tissue damage
- ex. allergic dermatitis, TB, tissue transplant rejection
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
temporary impairment of blood flow to brain; warning sign for stroke
hemorrhagic stroke
bleeding into brain tissue, ventricles and subarachnoid space; HTN is a risk factor; increase intracranial pressure
