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meds Flashcards

1
Q

morphine

A

opioid analgesic; acts on opioid receptor in CNS; class II; CI: pregnancy, respiratory disorders; monitor Q30 minutes for CNS depression

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2
Q

naloxone

A

narcan; opioid antagonist - binds to receptors; ADE: tachycardia, dysrhythmias, BP changes

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3
Q

general anesthetics

A

loss of pain perception, loss of consciousness, amnesia; risk of CNS depression

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4
Q

local anesthetic

A

“-caine”, lidocaine, procaine; inhibits conduction of action potentials across nerve fibers by blocking NA+ channels

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5
Q

Ibuprofen

A

advil; NSAID; anti-inflammatory; can cause stomach problems

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6
Q

acetaminophen

A

tylenol; non-opioid centrally acting analgesic; exact MOA unknown, not anti inflammatory; CI: alcoholism, hepatic/renal disease

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7
Q

acetaminophen antidote

A

acetylcysteine

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8
Q

aminoglycoside prototype

A

gentamicin

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9
Q

gentamicin

A

aminoglycoside: powerful antibiotic; against gram(-) bacilli; inhibits protein synthesis; IV, IM, PO, topical; ADE: ototoxic (tinnitus)

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10
Q

fluoroquinolone prototype

A

ciprofloxacin

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11
Q

ciprofloxacin

A

fluoroquinolone gram (-) broad spectrum synthetic; treat UTI; interfere w/ DNA replication; ADE: insomnia, depression; PO/IV; D-D: iron salts, antacids, NSAIDs

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12
Q

penicillin - amoxicillin

A

broad spectrum **gram (+) **antibiotic; inhibit cell wall building; NVD; D-D: tetracyclines, IV aminoglycosides

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13
Q

trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole drug name

A

bactrim

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14
Q

bactrim

A

sulfonamide; trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole; broad spectrum gram (+) or (-); inhibit folic acid synthesis; NVD; teratogenic; CI: thiazide diuretics; intensifies warfarin/phenytoin

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15
Q

Lincosamide and macrolide suffix

A

-mycin; both are similar but differ chemically

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16
Q

vancomycin

A

lincosamide; gram(+) antibiotic - interfere w/ protein synthesis; PO; C. difficile pseudomembranous colitis treatment

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17
Q

albuterol

A

short acting beta 2 agonist (SABA); stimulates beta 2 receptors in lungs; inhaler-rescue/quick relief; dilates bronchi, increases rate+depth of respirations; sympathetic NS effects: insomnia, tremor, restlessness. rebound bronchospasm

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18
Q

diphenhydramine class

A

antihistamines (benadryl)

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19
Q

antihistamines

A

ex. diphenhydramine (benadryl); directly compete with histamine for receptor sites; manage seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever), allergic reactions, motion sickness, sleep disorders, paradoxical effect in kids-hyperactivity
properties: antihistaminic, anticholinergic, sedative, antipruritic (anti-itch)

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20
Q

antitussive prototypes

A

dextromethorphan (robitussin), Codeine

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21
Q

antitussives

A

codeine, dextromethorphan (robitussin); CNS effect: suppress cough reflex by direct action on the medullary cough center in the brain; CI: head injury, cough needed to ensure airway (asthma, emphysema, COPD); can cause drowsiness and CNS depression

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22
Q

codeine

A

antitussive narcotic opiate (schedule III) – moderate abuse potential; can cause sedation and drowsiness / CNS depression

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23
Q

decongestants

A

usually adrenergics/sympathomimetics (mimic the sympathetic NS); dec. secretions via vasoconstriction; can be oral, topical nasal spray, or topical nasal steroids

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24
Q

pseudoephedrine (sudafed)

A

oral decongestant; adrenergic; dec. nasal congestion and earache pain; caution w/: cardiac pt., HTN, hyperthyroid, combo w/ other adrenergics; limit use for 3-5 days - monitor for rebound (congestion comes back after discontinued use)

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25
phenylephrine (coricidin)
OTC topical nasal decongestant spray; immediate onset of action with **local effect** (better for cardiac pt.); caution in: cardiac pt., HTN, hyperthyroid, glaucoma (inc. pressure); assess adrenergic effects; monitor for rebound, limit use 3-5 days; watch for nasal ulceration
26
fluticasone (flonase)
nasal steroid decongestant; anti-inflammatory effect; decreases systemic allergy symptoms; takes weeks to see full effect (take everyday); monitor for candida infection; avoid airborne illness exposure (inflammatory response decreased)
27
bronchodilators - anticholinergics
blocks action of ACh to prevent bronchoconstriction and dilate airways; useful for pt. who can't tolerate B2 agonists but not as effective
28
ipratropium (atrovent)
short acting anticholinergic bronchodilator - for acute asthma episodes
29
tiotropium (spiriva)
long acting anticholinergic bronchodilator; take everyday - not for acute episodes
30
xanthines
theophylline; cause smooth muscle relaxation in respiratory tract; treat asthma and COPD; reduces bronchial edema; narrow margin of safety (not used as much); avoid caffeine; monitor for tachycardia and seizures; must be used regularly
31
inhaled corticosteriods
reduces inflammation; combined with bronchodilator (give bronchodilator first); rinse mouth after use (prevent fungal infection); inhaling doesn't produce systemic effect
32
inhaled corticosteroid examples
budesonide (pulmicort turbuhaler), fluticasone (flovent), beclomethasone (beclovent, vanceril)
33
lispro (humalog)
rapid acting insulin
34
regular insulin (novolin R)
short acting insulin
35
lantus
long acting insulin
36
NPH insulin (novolin N)
intermediate acting insulin
37
levothyroxine (synthroid)
replacement therapy in hypothyroidism; increases the metabolic rate of body tissues; excreted in bile; iron and Ca dec. absorption (take 1st thing in morning); ADE: symptoms of hyperthyroidism
38
prednisone
corticosteroid used to used to increase blood glucose levels and reduce insulin sensitivity, as replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency, treatment of allergic and inflammatory disorders (rheumatoid arthritis); can mask hypoglycemia, prolonged use inc. osteoporosis risk
39
antacids
neutralize stomach acid; promote gastric mucosal defense mechanisms; don't stop overproduction of acid; can interfere with other oral drug absorption - take meds 1-2 hours apart from antacid; can mask other issues
40
antacid examples
aluminum salts, magnesium salts, calcium salts, sodium bicarbonate
41
docusate (colace)
stool softener/lubricant laxative; used for short term relief of constipation, prevent straining, and evacuate bowels for procedure; not absorbed systemically - excreted in the feces
42
famotidine (pepcid)
H2 antagonist, antiulcer; blocks histamine on the H2 receptor sites of the parietal cells causing dec. gastric acid secretion; take 30 mins before eating; limit use to 8 weeks or 2 week OTC use
43
laxative MOAs
chemical stimulant, bulk stimulant, osmotic stimulant, lubricants
44
chemical stimulant laxatives
ex. bisacodyl (ducolax); stimulation beginning at small intestine to increase motility through intestine by irritating nerve plexus; caution in cardiac disease due to stimulation of vagus nerve
45
bulk stimulant laxatives
ex. polyethylene glycol (miralax); causes the fecal matter to increase in bulk and distend bowel to initiate reflex bowel activity; prefered for long term use
46
osmotic stimulant laxatives
ex. magnesium citrate; increase osmotic pull of fluid into the GI tract to inc. pressure and stimulate intestinal motility; caution in cardiac disease - fluid and electrolyte imbalance/dehydration; not absorbed systemically
47
lubricant laxatives
ex. docusate (colace), mineral oil; promotes mixture of fats and water in stool, softens stool; can take 1-3 days to work; CI: appendicitis, colitis, diverticulitis
48
laxative nursing considerations
obtain history of symptoms, elimination patterns, and allergies; assess f/e; hold for nausea, vomiting, or abd. pain; encourage high fiber diet and fluid intake; long term use can dec. bowel tone and cause dependency; swallow tablets whole (not crushed) with glass of water
49
proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
omeprazole (prilosec); anti ulcer; inhibits proton pump activity in gastric parietal cells to suppress gastric acid secretion; long term use inc. risk for osteopenia and interfere w/ B12 absorption; inc. c. diff risk
50
tamsulosin (flowmax)
a1-adrenergic blocking agent; treat benign prostate hyperplasia; blocks alpha receptors in prostate - smooth muscle relaxation - inc. urine flow; start dose low and work up; take 30 mins after same meal each day
51
antiemetic
ondansetron (zofran); serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist; blocks serotonin receptors in CNS and GI tract - reduced vomiting sensation; monitor HR and rhythm; PO, IV, PR (rectally)
52
seizure medications
inc. GABA to reduce neuronal excitability; stabilize the nerve membrane; block channels in cell membrane or altering receptor sites; depress abnormal neuronal discharges; goal: reduce seizure frequency to live a normal life
53
barbiturates (phenobarbital)
antiseizure; used for tonic clonic and acute episodic seizures caused by status epilepticus; reduces seizures w/o sedation; stabilizes nerve membrane to reduce excitability; ADE: ataxia(poor coordination), mood changes, hypoTN, dependence
54
benzodiazepines (diazepam)
antiseizure; used for absence seizures; stabilize nerve membrane from hyperexcitability; ADE: sedation, drowsiness, dependence
55
SSRIs
ex. fluoxetine (prozac); most prescribed antidepressants; only affects serotonin; 2-3 weeks for full effect; use for depression, anxiety, social phobia, OCD, ADE: serotonin syndrome (agitation, insomnia, confusion, tachycardia, HTN, dilated pupils, twitching, muscle ridgitity
56
anticholinergics
ex. atropine, benztropine; block parasympathetic NS (muscarinic receptors); inc. sympathetic symptoms; used in parkinson's treatment, bradycardia, intestinal hypermotility
57
levodopa
inc. dopamine synthesis for treatment of parkinsons
58
carbidopa
enhances levodopa action (dopamine synthesis) in treatment of parkinson's
59
anti anxiety meds
SSRIs, benzodiazepines (diazepam/valium, lorazepam/ativan, xanax)
60
centrally acting muscle relaxant
**baclofen**; acts on CNS to interfere with reflexes causing contractions; alleviate s/s of spasticity, used in spinal cord conditions
61
direct acting muscle skeletal muscle relaxant
**dantrolene**; treat spasticity directly affecting peripheral muscle contraction; interferes with release of calcium from muscle tubules - prevents fibers from contracting; CI: spasticity affecting upright position
62
phenazopyridine (pyridium)
analgesic to relieve pain due to UTI; can turn urine orange/red; only take for up to 2 days, after meals; stops spasm from UTI
63
treatment of BPH
tamsulosin hydrochloride (flomax) and finasteride (propecia, proscar)
64
finasteride (propecia, proscar)
5-a reductase inhibitor; treatment of BPH; blocks conversion of testosterone to DHT - shrinks prostate; ADE: impotence, dec. libido, gynecomastia
65
ferrous sulfate
iron supplement; treatment of iron deficiency anemia; ADE: constipation, staining of teeth; antacids and tetracycline inhibits absorption; ascorbic acid increases absorption
66
cyanocobalamin
vitamin B12 IM injection; treatment of megaloblastic pernicious anemia
67
epoetin alfa (epogen)
erythropoiesis stimulating agent; treat anemia of chronic kidney disease (lack of erythropoietin); stimulates bone marrow to make RBCs; ADE: bone pain, HTN, edema, HA; CI: uncontrolled HTN
68
lisinopril
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor; inhibits RAAS system/ conversion of angiotensin I -> II; dec. BP and vasoconstriction; used to treat HTN and HF; ADE: hypoTN, angioedema, hyperkalemia
69
lostartan
angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB); treat HTN; blocks angiotensin II receptors in smooth muscle and adrenal cortex; blocks release of aldosterone to prevent peripheral vasoconstriction; ADE: angioedema, hyperkalemia, renal failure
70
beta blockers
inhibit beta 1 receptors in SNS - blocks norepinephrine and epinephrine; used for stable angina pectoris, HTN, HF, cardiac dysrhythmias, performance anxiety; ADE: bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, reduced CO, HF can be cardio selective or non-selective suffix: "-lol"
71
cardio selective beta blockers
metoprolol, atenolol; only block B1 receptors in the heart; slows cardiac activity
72
non-selective beta blockers
propranolol (inderal), carvedilol; block both B1 and B2 receptors; caution in diabetes (can mask blood sugar)
73
calcium channel blockers
blocks movement of Ca - less nerve impulses - vasodilation, slowing of HR (chronotropic), condiction (dromotropic), and contractility (ionotropic); lowers HR and BP - dec. workload of heart can be dihydropyridines or non-dihydropyridines
74
dihydropyridine CCBs
amlodipine, nifedipine; act only on arterial smooth muscle, **not on myocardium**; vasodilation; used for angina and HTN
75
non-dihydropyridine CCBs
verapamil, diltiazem; affect arterial smooth muscle and cardiac calcium channel; used for stable angina pectoris, HTN, very rapid HR, and dysrhythmias; ADE: bradycardia and heart block
76
nitroglycerine
**venous vasodilator**; reduces venous return, **reduces preload**; use for HTN, HF, MI, angina pectoris; ADE: postural hypoTN, reflex tachycardia, HA; combine with diuretic to avoid blood vol. inc.
77
digoxin
cardiac glycoside; **decreases conduction** through AV node, inc. vagal tone, dec. HR; used for HF, a. fib, a. flutter, atrial tachycardia; narrow therapeutic range; decreases morbidity but not mortality
78
warfarin (coumadin)
suppresses extrinsic clotting factor; PO; inhibits clotting factor synthesis (does not get rid of already existing clotting factors); 2-5 days for full effect (overlap with heparin); lots of interactions (avoid OTC and herbal); used to prevent DVT and pulmonary emboli, thrombus in heart valves and A. fib.; off label used to reduce TIAs and recurrent MI; inc. bleeding risk monitor PT and INR antidote/reversal: vitamin K
79
baclofen (Gablofen)
centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxer; work in the CNS to interfere with the reflexes that are causing the muscle spasm; not metabolized; Treatment of muscle spasticity associated with neuromuscular diseases such as multiple sclerosis, muscle rigidity, and spinal cord injuries
80
colchicine (Colcrys)
gout treatment; rapid symptoms relief within 12 hours; can cause GI distress; long term use may cause Rhabdomyolysis
81
alendronate (fosamax)
bisphosphonate; anti-osteopenic; treatment and prevention of osteoporosis by slowing bone resorption; stay upright for 30 mins after taking to reduce esophageal erosion risk; take first thing 30 mins before food or other meds
82
additional osteoporosis treatment
calcium and vitamin D (inc. dietary absorption of Ca

pathopharm (7 decks)

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