Patho Flashcards
Name oncogenes
ALK, BCR-ABL, BRAF, ERBB1, ERB22 (HER2), EGFR (ERB1), KIT (CD117), MYC, PI3KCA, RAS (NRAS, HRAS, KRAS), RET
Name tumor suppressor genes
BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, PTEN
RB1, VHL, NF1/2, APC, MSH, MLH, PMS
TP53
Loss of tp53 is associated with anti cancer drug resistance
Most common mutated gene leading to cancer- loss of p53 found in most cancers
What enzyme is needed for error prone DNA REPAIR pathway
PARP1
Passenger mutation
No contribution to development of cancer
Driver mutations
Growth advantage to cancer cells and support cancer survival of cells
ErbB2 (HER2) over expression predicts response to?
Trastuzumab
Cancer is highly?
Heterogeneity-accumulates mutations
TML- tumor mutational load (mutation burden) is
A measure of the number of mutations within a tumor genome
TML is used for?
The prediction of the formation of specific neo-antigens that allow the immune system to distinguish between tumor and normal cells
-used in cancer immunotherapy
10 somatic mutations or 3X10^9 base pairs results in?
150 AA mutations that alter protein function, drug sensitivity, antigenicity
Histone deacetylases (HDAC)
Represses transcription
DNA Methyl Transferases
Causes DNA methylation at CpG islands
In epigenetic machinery, anti cancer drugs target?
HDAC Inhibitors or DNMT inhibitors
Epigenetics is
The change in gene expression without the alteration of DNA Sequence
An immortal cell has?
Over expression of oncogenes and down regulation of tumor suppressor genes
Cancer has overexpression of telomerase which is?
Telomerase replaces telomeres which avoids cell senescence (cessation of cell division). This allows infinite number of cell doubling
Cancer immunosurveilance
-inhibits carcinogenesis and maintains cellular homeostasis BUT cancer cells can evade the immune system and use it to stay alive and grow (suppress immune response)
What is invasion?
Penetration of cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Initial step to develop secondary tumors leading to metastasis
What is metastasis?
Cancer moves to a distant new location
-poorer prognosis and short survival
In metastasis what occurs?
Angiogenesis upregulation
Regulated by pro and anti-angiogenic growth factors due to hypoxia and cell stress
What are anti-angiogenic growth factors?
IL-12, IFN, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (TIMPs)
What are pro-angiogenic growth factors?
VEGF, FGF, PDGF, TNF-a
