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Oncology > Chavez > Flashcards

Chavez Flashcards

1
Q

Which genes code for epidermal growth factors (EGFR)?

A

ErbB1 and ErbB2 (HER2)

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2
Q

ErbB2 aka HER2 can be found in what cancers?

A

Breast, salivary cancer, prostate, bladder and ovarian cancer

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3
Q

Oncogene: BCR-ABL codes for?

A

Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase

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4
Q

BCR-ABL found in which cancer?

A

Chronic Myelogenous leukemia

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5
Q

Oncogene: ALK (Adenocarcinoma of Lung kinase) is found mainly in?

A

Lung cancer

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6
Q

1st requirement of cancer?

A

Activated oncogene

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7
Q

2nd requirement of cancer?

A

Inactivated tumor suppressor gene

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8
Q

P53 controls?

A

Decision to replicate DNA at G1/ S phase

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9
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: APC function?

A

Step in signaling pathway

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10
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: APC found in which cancers?

A

Colon and gastric

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11
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: RB1 function?

A

Codes for pRB protein- a master break of the cell cycle

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12
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: RB1 found in which cancers?

A

Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma, bladder, small cell lung, prostate, and breast cancer

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13
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: P53 function?

A

Halts cell division and induces apoptosis

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14
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: p53 causes which cancers?

A

Many types! Responsible for cancer resistance

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15
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: BRCA1 function?

A

DNA repair and transcriptional regulation

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16
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: BRCA1 cancers?

A

Breast cancer and ovarian cancer

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17
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: BRCA2 function?

A

DNA repair

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18
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: BRCA2 cancer?

A

Breast cancer

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19
Q

Third requirement for cancer?

A

Evade apoptosis

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20
Q

DNA repair genes/pathways are?

A

Indirectly involved in growth inhibition/differentiation

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21
Q

4th requirement for cancer?

A

Immortal cell- stopping senescence and reactivating telomerase

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22
Q

Senescence is caused by?

A

Loss of telomerase activity

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23
Q

5th requirement cancer?

A

Vascularization- tumors cannot expand past 1-2 mm diameter without this due to hypoxia (activates growth factor and antigenic factor by inducing inflammatory proteases) and need for nutrients

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24
Q

Cancer cells affect in immune response:

A

Decrease in MHC Class I expression
Secretion of immunosuppressive molecules enhance immune tolerance of cancer (TGF-beta)

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25
Q

In cancer CTLA-4 is?

A

Up regulated causing T cell inactivation

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26
Q

Ipilimumab inhibits?

A

CTLA-4

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27
Q

PD-L1 and 2 cause

A

T cell dysfunction

28
Q

PD1 is inhibited by?

A

Nivolumab or pembrolizumab

29
Q

PD1 and 2 inhibited by?

A

Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Avelumab

30
Q

6 th requirement of cancer?

A

Metastasis-new tumor from another existing

31
Q

Benign tumors?

A

End in -oma
Osteoma,lipoma,fibroma

32
Q

Malignant tumors ?

A

Carcinoma,sarcoma, teratoma

33
Q

Carcinoma arise from?

A

Epithelial tissues

34
Q

Sarcomas arise from?

A

Mesenchymal tissues

35
Q

Teratomas arise from?

A

Germ cell sperm or ova

36
Q

Seminoma

A

Malignant of spermatocyte

37
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissues

38
Q

Melanoma

A

Malignant tumor of melanocytes

39
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

When clinical findings or symptoms are distant from the site of the primary tumor

40
Q

Elevated AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) is associated with which cancers?

A

Germ cell cancer of ovaries and testes

41
Q

What are the non cancerous reasons for elevated AFP?

A

Pregnancy, liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease

42
Q

Elevated Bence Jones proteins or monoclonal immunoglobulins are associated with which cancers?

A

Multiple myeloma

43
Q

Elevated Bence Jones proteins or monoclonal immunoglobulins are associated with what non cancer reasons?

A

Amyloidosis

44
Q

CA 125 (cancer antigen or carbohydrate antigen) elevation associated with which cancers?

A

Ovarian cancer

45
Q

CA 27.29 elevation associated with which cancer?

A

Breast

46
Q

PSA (prostate specific antigen) associated with which cancer?

A

Prostate

47
Q

CEA (carinoembryonic antigen) elevation associated with?

A

Colorectal cancers

(Smoking could be reason)

48
Q

Tumor grading is based off of?

A

Degree of differentiation of tumor cells

49
Q

Tumor staging:

A

Is more important than grade. Allows for optimal treatment plan

50
Q

T1 to T4

A

Denotes increasing size of lesion

51
Q

N0- N3

A

Denotes increased number of nodes involved

52
Q

M0-M1

A

Denotes prescience, location and number of metastases

53
Q

All stage IV HAS

A

Metastasis

54
Q

Grade 1:

A

Well differentiated: closely resembles tissue and remains some specialized functions

55
Q

Grade 2:

A

Moderately differentiated: tumor less resemblance of tissue and more variant in shape/ increased mitosis

56
Q

Grade 3:

A

Poorly differentiated- tumor does not closely resemble tissue and has a lot of variation

57
Q

Grade 4:

A

Very poorly differentiated- tumor has no resemblance

58
Q

Small molecule inhibitors?

A

Block aberrant intercellular signaling pathways

59
Q

mAbs target?

A

Extracellular receptors or their natural ligands to prevent ligand binding to the receptor

60
Q

Cured from cancer when?

A

Not detectable from 5 years from diagnosis
Same life expectancy as to someone with no cancer

61
Q

Solid tumors use what criteria?

A

RECIST

62
Q

Malignant lymphoma uses what criteria?

A

Cheson

63
Q

Complete response

A

Disappearance of all target lesions

64
Q

Partial response

A

> |= 30% decrease in sum of longest diameter or lesions

65
Q

Progressive disease

A

> |= 20% increase in sum of longest diameter of lesions or appearance of new lesions

66
Q

Stable disease

A

Failure to reach endpoints

Oncology (10 decks)

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