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Chavez Flashcards

1
Q

Which genes code for epidermal growth factors (EGFR)?

A

ErbB1 and ErbB2 (HER2)

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2
Q

ErbB2 aka HER2 can be found in what cancers?

A

Breast, salivary cancer, prostate, bladder and ovarian cancer

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3
Q

Oncogene: BCR-ABL codes for?

A

Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase

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4
Q

BCR-ABL found in which cancer?

A

Chronic Myelogenous leukemia

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5
Q

Oncogene: ALK (Adenocarcinoma of Lung kinase) is found mainly in?

A

Lung cancer

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6
Q

1st requirement of cancer?

A

Activated oncogene

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7
Q

2nd requirement of cancer?

A

Inactivated tumor suppressor gene

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8
Q

P53 controls?

A

Decision to replicate DNA at G1/ S phase

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9
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: APC function?

A

Step in signaling pathway

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10
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: APC found in which cancers?

A

Colon and gastric

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11
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: RB1 function?

A

Codes for pRB protein- a master break of the cell cycle

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12
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: RB1 found in which cancers?

A

Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma, bladder, small cell lung, prostate, and breast cancer

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13
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: P53 function?

A

Halts cell division and induces apoptosis

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14
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: p53 causes which cancers?

A

Many types! Responsible for cancer resistance

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15
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: BRCA1 function?

A

DNA repair and transcriptional regulation

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16
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: BRCA1 cancers?

A

Breast cancer and ovarian cancer

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17
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: BRCA2 function?

A

DNA repair

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18
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: BRCA2 cancer?

A

Breast cancer

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19
Q

Third requirement for cancer?

A

Evade apoptosis

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20
Q

DNA repair genes/pathways are?

A

Indirectly involved in growth inhibition/differentiation

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21
Q

4th requirement for cancer?

A

Immortal cell- stopping senescence and reactivating telomerase

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22
Q

Senescence is caused by?

A

Loss of telomerase activity

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23
Q

5th requirement cancer?

A

Vascularization- tumors cannot expand past 1-2 mm diameter without this due to hypoxia (activates growth factor and antigenic factor by inducing inflammatory proteases) and need for nutrients

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24
Q

Cancer cells affect in immune response:

A

Decrease in MHC Class I expression
Secretion of immunosuppressive molecules enhance immune tolerance of cancer (TGF-beta)

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25
In cancer CTLA-4 is?
Up regulated causing T cell inactivation
26
Ipilimumab inhibits?
CTLA-4
27
PD-L1 and 2 cause
T cell dysfunction
28
PD1 is inhibited by?
Nivolumab or pembrolizumab
29
PD1 and 2 inhibited by?
Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Avelumab
30
6 th requirement of cancer?
Metastasis-new tumor from another existing
31
Benign tumors?
End in -oma Osteoma,lipoma,fibroma
32
Malignant tumors ?
Carcinoma,sarcoma, teratoma
33
Carcinoma arise from?
Epithelial tissues
34
Sarcomas arise from?
Mesenchymal tissues
35
Teratomas arise from?
Germ cell sperm or ova
36
Seminoma
Malignant of spermatocyte
37
Lymphoma
Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissues
38
Melanoma
Malignant tumor of melanocytes
39
What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
When clinical findings or symptoms are distant from the site of the primary tumor
40
Elevated AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) is associated with which cancers?
Germ cell cancer of ovaries and testes
41
What are the non cancerous reasons for elevated AFP?
Pregnancy, liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease
42
Elevated Bence Jones proteins or monoclonal immunoglobulins are associated with which cancers?
Multiple myeloma
43
Elevated Bence Jones proteins or monoclonal immunoglobulins are associated with what non cancer reasons?
Amyloidosis
44
CA 125 (cancer antigen or carbohydrate antigen) elevation associated with which cancers?
Ovarian cancer
45
CA 27.29 elevation associated with which cancer?
Breast
46
PSA (prostate specific antigen) associated with which cancer?
Prostate
47
CEA (carinoembryonic antigen) elevation associated with?
Colorectal cancers (Smoking could be reason)
48
Tumor grading is based off of?
Degree of differentiation of tumor cells
49
Tumor staging:
Is more important than grade. Allows for optimal treatment plan
50
T1 to T4
Denotes increasing size of lesion
51
N0- N3
Denotes increased number of nodes involved
52
M0-M1
Denotes prescience, location and number of metastases
53
All stage IV HAS
Metastasis
54
Grade 1:
Well differentiated: closely resembles tissue and remains some specialized functions
55
Grade 2:
Moderately differentiated: tumor less resemblance of tissue and more variant in shape/ increased mitosis
56
Grade 3:
Poorly differentiated- tumor does not closely resemble tissue and has a lot of variation
57
Grade 4:
Very poorly differentiated- tumor has no resemblance
58
Small molecule inhibitors?
Block aberrant intercellular signaling pathways
59
mAbs target?
Extracellular receptors or their natural ligands to prevent ligand binding to the receptor
60
Cured from cancer when?
Not detectable from 5 years from diagnosis Same life expectancy as to someone with no cancer
61
Solid tumors use what criteria?
RECIST
62
Malignant lymphoma uses what criteria?
Cheson
63
Complete response
Disappearance of all target lesions
64
Partial response
>|= 30% decrease in sum of longest diameter or lesions
65
Progressive disease
>|= 20% increase in sum of longest diameter of lesions or appearance of new lesions
66
Stable disease
Failure to reach endpoints

Oncology (10 decks)

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